We Real Cool: Stay in School

Wednesday on the final week of senior year and the only thing happening in my classes was the exchanging of yearbooks. I had already gotten signatures from all of my closest friends, except one who hadn't been at school the past two days; his name was Frank Gritty. He was a childhood friend who was always known for being a trouble maker, so it wasn't unusual for him to ditch. After not having seen him In any of the classes we had together, I decided to pay him a visit after school, since he TLD live very far.As I was approaching his house, I noticed a police car parked outside with someone sitting In the back. It was Frank and he had Just been arrested for taking a Joyride in a stolen car with some guys who were â€Å"cool,† very much Like the characters In Gondolas Brook's poem, ‘We Real Cool,† which tells the story of seven rebellious dropouts who play pool at a bar and live a fast lifestyle full of crime. Brooks' poem Is an attempt to teach readers the Importanc e of education, and the consequences that people who choose a life of crime must ultimately face: death.Brooks explores these themes through his use of rime, symbolism, imagery, and tone. In the first stanza of the poem alone, Me real cool. We Left school. † Brooks exercises the uses of both rime and irony. As each word is a single syllable, it gives the poem faster rhythm, much like the fast life of someone who chooses a lifestyle of crime over education. He is suggesting that people who choose to leave school are living too fast for their own good.The first line is used to show reader's the narrator's ego, while the second quickly provides us with us with realization that these â€Å"cool† pool players are actually dropouts. Brooks is using irony to illustrate the idea that rebellion, and the desire to abandon education is commonly seen as a desirable and â€Å"cool† thing to do mongo the youth, when people who choose to drop out are actually harming themselves and not allowing themselves to live up to their full potential.Brooks then goes on to list the crimes that the narrator his gang commit and makes use of sound in attempt to make the read a pleasurable experience while still delivering a powerful message. An example of this can be seen in lines such as â€Å"Lurk late† and â€Å"Strike straight. † This use of alliteration gives the poem an essence of sound, almost like a song, which gives much more emphasis to the idea that the speaker believes he Is â€Å"cool† for the foul acts they commit. The line â€Å"Strike straight† suggests that the gang commits perfect crimes and is therefore proud of getting away with them.Assonance can also be seen in each stanza of the poem with words such as â€Å"sin/glen† and â€Å"June/ soon. † After painting a â€Å"cool† picture of the speaker's actions through a rhythmic sound, Brooks goes on to illustrate the ultimate consequences that one must fa ce for such a lifestyle. Though the musical aspect of the poem creates a somewhat cheerful vibe, the poem ends with the two words â€Å"Del soon. † Brooks Is attempting to Imply that those who choose to live a carefree life of crime, such as the pool players, over a life f education Is sure to live a short one.In short, while It may seem a long tedious task to go to school and receive and education, the long term benefits far outweigh the short-lived sensation of being â€Å"cool. † This style of this poem was written strategically to make an underlying message an enjoyable and interesting read. It is important for becomes educated and reaches his/her full potential. Works Cited Brook, Gondolas. â€Å"We Real Cool. † Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. Deed. X. J. Kennedy and Dana Tioga. 12th deed. New York: Pearson, 2013. 1948. Print.

Hrs Contribution To Broad Organisational Objectives Commerce Essay

In Today ‘s fast paced planetary concern economic system, Organisations today have major duties to map, facilitate, array and promote corporate societal duty ( CSR ) . Administrations like this demand rethinking in their concern ends, aims and motivations, concentrating chiefly on merely doing net income to the corporate citizenship. Human rights, labor patterns, health care to environment, all these have bit by bit been impacted by the CSR which has easy began to be seen in the communities worldwide. State and worldwide, HR plays a really critical function such as taking and educating their houses with respects to the importance of CSR while at the same time strategically implementing HR direction patterns which so supports the Company on the whole and the CSR ends. The purpose of the study is to foreground and emphasize on the impact of the HR direction within The Humphrey Group. The CSR has developed such corporate policies which cover a scope of issues, including the CSR, but despite this no 1 makes certain they are adhered to, appraisal of staff consciousness and measuring their impact. This maybe the board ‘s present mission, aims and moralss do non reflect the values of staff ‘s chance of clients. This is HR ‘s best placed to use staff in such issues. These values have an consequence in the staffing issues such as enlisting, preparation assessments and other procedures such procurance. HR plays a critical function in guaranting that all this happens. Developing the procedure where concern aims are assessed and values are realigned to fit staff ‘s outlooks. One of the ways that HR section can assist lend to The Humphrey Group ‘s broader aim of CSR is that they can measure all the staffs ‘ public presentation and carefully see how much bonus an employee should acquire depending on the public presentation. Besides this has to be known to the full employee working within the administration, so that they know how much they will acquire depending on their patterned advance. This will be just to all the members of staff within the administration and will diminish any unfairness and fillip dirts. In the undermentioned article â€Å" Yes directors should be paid like administrative officials Frey Bruno.S, Osterloh, Margit states that corporate dirts, reflected in inordinate direction compensation and deceitful histories, cause great harm. Agency theory ‘s insisting to associate the compensation of directors and managers every bit closely as possible to steadfast public presentation is a major ground for these dirts. They can non be overcome by bettering variable wage for public presentation as selfish extrinsic motive is reinforced. Based on the common pool attack to the house, establishments are proposed, functioning to raise per se motivated corporate virtuousness. More importance is to be attributed to fixed wage and beef uping the legitimacy of governments by procedural equity, relational contracts, and organisational citizenship behavior. † The findings of this article support that employees should be paid reasonably and besides appraisals should be conducted for this practise to take topographic point. This will therefore stop populace examination. Excessive direction and the bureau theory both become a ground for these dirts. In some scenarios the board of The Humphrey Group may perchance hold integrated policies that cover a scope of issues including corporate societal duty, but no-one barely sticks to it to look into the staff consciousness, or analyze their impact. The ground for this may be that the board of The Humphrey Group ‘s current aim and values do n't reflect the values of staff. Human Resource section is placed to guarantee that they let all staff know of these issues. Human Resource section acts an of import function to guarantee that The Humphrey Group aims are assessed and values re-aligned to fit them with staff outlooks. Some of the ways that this can be done is to reexamine The Humphrey Group policy and processs to guarantee values are consistent and besides another manner that this can be done is to confer with and affect staff more in the running of the concern. â€Å" Turban, Daniel B and Greening, Daniel W province in their article corporate societal public presentation and administration attraction to prospective employees provinces that Pulling on propositions from societal individuality theory and signalling theory, we hypothesized that houses ‘ corporate societal public presentation ( CSP ) is related positively to their reputes and to their attraction as employers. Result indicate that independent evaluations of CSP are related to houses ‘ reputes and attraction as employers, proposing that a house ‘s CSP may supply a competitory advantage in pulling appliers. Such consequences add to the turning literature proposing that CSP may supply houses with competitory advantages. † The hypothesis survey of the corporate societal public presentation ( CSP ) demonstrates that occupation seeking population has increased as it yields in enticing human resources depending on the grade of occupation picks possessed by an person. The CSP is associated to employer magnetic attraction for persons seeking occupation with elevated degrees of employment picks but non allied for the public with low degrees meaning plus point to certain companies with surging degrees of CSP to pull the most qualified employees. As stated in Richard W. Beatty, Jeffrey R. Ewing and Charles G.Tharp article of HR function in corporate administration: present and position. This article states that â€Å" We have explored this issue from the position of the HR map through a study of the senior HR professionals who attended the Human Resources Forum. The study was augmented with focal point groups. Our intent was to understand current patterns, attitudes, and behaviors with regard to legal criterions and professional and ethical codifications. We besides explored the functions of the CEO, HR leading, and the HR map in minimising ethical breaches that have diminished investor and public trust. We hope to cast visible radiation on the duties, actions, and hazards of the HR map and its leading now and in the hereafter. † In decision this study concludes that has thrown visible radiation on how the HR section maps and grips Humphrey Group. It holds up the company by it being its anchor which in return has a heavy impact on the correct and procedural operation of Humphrey group. In add-on, the HR plays a critical function in keeping healthy staff client relationship along with instilling a well defined bond of public trust. The HR Department besides holds a steadfast aim of integrating societal duties and realining direction ends and compensation moralss of the company.

Extended concert review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Extended concert review - Essay Example The ensemble that was used for the jazz performance was based on the contemporary style of jazz that formed from big band. This was inclusive of the rhythm section that drove forward the different pieces of music by keeping the beat to each of the songs. This was followed by the brass and saxophone sections that balanced out a stronger sound to the ensemble. The sections interchanged different solo forms while holding the melody or the harmonies that were used throughout each of the pieces. This combination of factors then provided a different approach to the music played while developing a specific sound that made a stronger statement to the different pieces that were played. The blend of instrumentation created a louder sound through each of the pieces while making a bold statement with the melodies and with the more dissonant harmonies that were a part of the performance. The style of jazz that was played consisted of more classical forms, such as from the 1950s – 1970s. Th ere was a combination with some contemporary pieces; however, all were based on the level of the performance that was a part of the ensemble. The first piece that was heard was a jazz standard called â€Å"Invitation.† This was followed by a second standard also known as a blues standard by Jerry Lewis and which was well – known for being associated with a contemporary Hollywood video scene. This was followed by other standards, such as George Gershwin’s â€Å"Someone to Watch Over Me.† The standards continued as a main part of the jazz ensemble and approach taken toward the music. There were distinct melodies that were a part of the styles used, as opposed to more new age and contemporary styles that has more experimentation and breaks the rules of jazz. This was done because of the performers that were a part of the stage and the approaches which were used in conducting the ensemble. The more contemporary songs included more dissonance with the harmonie s and distinguished sounds that were combined with the melodies to create the right type of effect. The jazz ensemble was able to build the right approach to the music by combining the melody and harmony of more classical styles to build a strong foundation with the music that was played. An important part of the performance was with the improvisation that was a part of the performance. The improvisation was defined by soloists that had a 16 bar section on average for a solo. This rotated between different instruments, such as the piano, trumpet or trombone. Each individual was able to create their own interpretation of the music by using their own melodic lines or approaches. The improvisation that was heard could associate strongly with the chord structure and harmonies that were behind the jazz pieces. When listening to the solos, it could be heard that the changes in chordal structure was what led the ensembles. Each of the soloists would have a scale or set of notes that went a round the chords played in the background. When these changed, the improvisation also altered into a different chordal structure and scale that was played. There wasn’t a distinguished melody by the improvisation and most stayed within the most comfortable range of the instrument to create the necessary sound. The strengths of the

Statistics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Statistics - Assignment Example of the movies made today can be seen only by patrons 13 years or older†, as the total percentage of PG-13 and R-rated 2005 movies (78.4%) is greater than 75%.3-34 e) There appears no association between the twin births (preterm induced or cesarean, preterm without procedures or term or post-term) and the level of the prenatal care (intensive, adequate, or inadequate). As shown in figure in part (d), the distribution (percentage) of the twin births for the level of prenatal care is somewhat similar. This suggests that the twin births and the level of prenatal care are not associated, that is they are independent.4-8 The average (mean) height of the singers is about 68 inches. The range of the heights of the singers is about 16 inches with minimum and maximum height being 60 and 76 inches, respectively. The IQR is about 8 inches. About half of the singers height is equal to or below 68 inches. About 50% of the singers height is in-between 65 to 73 inches. The distribution of the horsepower of auto appears approximately uniform (slightly positively skewed). The median value is about 100 and the IQR is about 45. The range of the horsepower of auto is 90 with minimum and maximum horsepowers being 60 and 155, respectively. c) The president is correct. The null hypothesis is not rejected, as p-value of 0.386 is greater than .05. Therefore, there is not enough evidence to support the claim that Striving College student medical applicants admitted is different from the 46% of all medical school applicants

Evaluating the Project Framework Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Evaluating the Project Framework - Assignment Example Define the practices that aid the organization in: learning from individual projects Speaking from a research he carried out on his design of the gas-lift chairs, the person seated on the chair is bound to be seated on a hip inclination of 90o, or even less. The hip inclination is the angle between the torso and legs, causing the torso to press against the heart and lungs. Accordingly, there is a reduction in the inhaling volume of an individual (Cabinet Maker, 2011, p. 49). Finding which processes work well, and deploying those processes as standards 1. The study of the production procedure: This process involves extraction of raw materials, handling of the tools used, conveyance, and assemblage of the chairs, packing, supply, and the practice of working on such a chair (Cabinet Maker, 2011, p. 50). 2. Stimulation: Stimulation involved the use of a 2D model of the hydraulic fracture of the children’s gas-lift chair that can be sustained. This methodology also involves the aci d breaking, and forecasting of sustained and the incorporation of a well-performing model (Cabinet Maker, 2011, p. 50). B. ... Functionally, the child gas-lift chair fundamentally allows the user to perform their usual tasks. Nevertheless, the chair can also be used as a non-conventional or extraordinary surrounding or user for this type of chair. Children have to find this chair very simple to work with or use during a lesson or before a desk. The chairs also have to be affordable for the client, and minimal production costs have to be maintained (Fisher-price, 2011). C. Does the organization know if it is spending its limited improvement resources effectively? These discrete roles of the planned chair have been incorporated into one package that offers interactive usage of shared information and findings. Such a gas-lift chair will defines the business designs employed in the model and depict the findings that are able to be obtained easily (Fisher-price, 2011). To enable the lifting feature of the chair for children with different heights and development rates, the Hydraulic model has to be designed to op erate through plotting the tank influx and tubing movement putting both the tank influx and tubing current arches on one plot. Define a method of measuring yourself and periodically determining the impact and effectiveness of your improvement efforts. The LCA methodology applied by Fisher Price, a child gas-lift chair manufacturing organization has enabled numerous research findings into the comfort of children and concentration to assess the ecological effect. The materials used in these designs have been used to project the life cycle of the durability of the seats through an exhaustive analysis of every phase of the life-cycle procedure (Langham, 2011, p. 1). D. Are improvement efforts successful and

The Microchip Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Microchip - Essay Example hip, or chip, is a miniaturized electronic circuit, these circuits consisting in general of semiconductor devices, in addition to unreceptive apparatuses, which has been affected in the exterior of a slight substrate of semiconductor matter. Now a days microchip are employed in approximately in every electronic equipment in employ nowadays and have changed the world of electronics (Gary 2005). A cross integrated circuit is a miniaturized electronic circuit created from small individual semiconductor devices, in addition to passive parts, tied to a substrate or circuit panel (McGlennen, 2001). As silicon microchips turn out to be small and minor with additional and extra information stored on them, they will dictate enhanced chip printing technique-current schemes will not be working inside the subsequent decade or so. Corporations around the globe are discovering a number of next-generation techniques, with tremendous ultraviolet lithography that is also known as EUVL rising as the foremost candidate (Dolnik et al, 2000). Microchips were turned out to be feasible by experimental discoveries which make obvious that semiconductor devices probably carry out the roles of vacuum tubes and this happen in the middle of 20th-century technology progress in semiconductor device fabrication. The combination of big numbers of minute transistors into a little chip was an huge development over the physical assembly of circuits by means of separate electronic components. The microchips mass production ability, dependability, and element approach to circuit blueprint make sure the fast adoption of standardized microchips in place of designs by means of discrete transistors (Marakas 2007). There are two most important advantages of microchips over discrete circuits: price and performance. The cost of the microchip is low for the basis that the chips, with all their parts, are printed as a unit by photolithography and not build one transistor at a time. In addition, a great deal

Subjetivity Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Subjetivity - Personal Statement Example The situation from my perspective is that the student feels that he is doing the wrong thing practicing truancy. Therefore, he torn between two options, whether to run away or got back to class. After weighing the two options, the student feels that he is being unfair to himself by running away. The punishment he may have to do away with when the teacher finds about the situation or even his parents may can be severe. Therefore, the student decides to go back to class, join the others, and continue learning. The factor that influences subjective experiences in the first case is personal consideration. However, in judging from another person’s perspective in the second case, it is clear that personal opinion about what may be a reality plays a fundamental role. According to Solomon & Barney (2008), perspectives differ from one person to another. Therefore, from the experience, judgmental views depend on the conscience of a person at the time of making

Online trust in Singapore context Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Online trust in Singapore context - Assignment Example 8 (a). The table below shows Spearman correlation analysis between â€Å"good product guarantees† and â€Å"products arrive in good condition†, where the rows represent the respondents’ opinions in good services and the columns represent the frequencies of the respondents structured answers in relation to the opinions. 8 (b). The table below represents spearman correlation analysis between â€Å"security information explained† and â€Å"safety of credits cards guaranteed†, where the rows represent the respondents’ opinions in good services and the columns represent the frequencies of the respondents structured answers in relation to the opinions. 8 (c). The table above shows spearman’s correlation between â€Å"uses of personal details explained† and â€Å"personal details kept confidential† where the rows represent the respondents’ opinions in good services and the columns represent the frequencies of the respondents structured answers in relation to the opinions. The 8 (eight) tables above are frequency tables that represent various variables analysed in question 10 of the survey. The variables are ‘Agree’, ‘Number of respondents’, ‘Disagree’, ‘Not sure’, ‘Strongly Agree’, ‘Strongly Disagree’, ‘skipped’ and ‘Total number of Respondents’. 10. The table below shows Spearman correlation between, â€Å"Whether the website looks and works generally the same as other online stores† and â€Å"The whole website experience is normal and without any unexpected situations (e.g. the appearance of pop up ads)† where the rows represent the respondents opinions as regards their trust in an online store and the columns represent the extents and frequencies of the respondents structured answers in relation to their reasoned levels of trust. 12 (a). The table below shows Spearman correlation between â€Å"presence of forums in the online store for you to check and discuss issues with other customers’’ and â€Å"if users post incorrect

Project Management of Heavyweight Cruiser Motorcycle Assignment - 3

Project Management of Heavyweight Cruiser Motorcycle - Assignment Example The company already has its product line up in medium weight motor cycles, ranging from 500 cc to 1000 cc. Now the company wants to introduce a new model over 1100 cc. It includes the details of the operation process, like leadership style, short term and long term needs, resources needed and risk mitigation strategies. The entire management process is developed from the point of view of a project manager (Scheid, 2011). Managing a project requires optimum uses of resources and commitment of project team members to successfully complete an undertaking. This project is for the development of a new heavy weight cruiser motorcycle. This new project will introduce a new category of line up above 1100 cc. A successful completion of a project is dependent on the right decision of which project management structure to use. This project needs the â€Å"Project-based Organization Structure†, because the project manager is solely responsible for the successful completion of the project. The project members who work in this project, report directly to the project manager, thus, avoiding multiple leadership. Secondly, all the decisions regarding the operations are taken within the project team only. Thirdly, this structure also allows high cohesion among the team members and they all share a common goal of the project (Bobera, 2008). The distribution of roles enables the smooth running of the project operations. It helps avoiding any kind of conflict. With reference to the ‘Belbin Model’ of Team Work distribution, the following work distribution is done (Belbin. 2014). a) Identify the project need: Identification of the project involves having a clear idea about what the project is about and what are the needs it fulfils for the company. In this case, this project will extend the product line of the company.

Mcdonalds Great Britain - the Turnaround Essay Example for Free

Mcdonalds Great Britain the Turnaround Essay Summary of the Problem McDonalds spacious Britain experienced a great deal of hardships and changes. McDonalds US sales have steadily change magnitude but Great Britain has not shown any significant increase. The solid ground for the sluggish sales is because of new chains such as Yo! sushi and Nandos Chicken Restaurants which tickled the Great Britains taste. An issue in the fast food industry is the mad cow sc are. at that place are some comments about McDonalds Great Britain standardised a guy just go to McDonalds for a last resort, the texture, the taste and the feel of the burger was different than before. Also, passel are becoming more health conscious. There was also a lawsuit with McDonalds and two green peace activists. For teenagers, McDonalds appeal to their taste thats why McDonalds UK profit 118 Million (in Euro). Lastly, the company monitors news articles and television references. In Great Britain, they have been rated either as negative or deaf(p). They have taken these comments and certain steps to reverse the trend. They developed new menus composed of salads, grilled chicken and fruits. Their burgers and original menus were modify to suit their audiences taste. They also developed new recipes. They informed people about their foods dietary information. They also got Destinys fry to advertise for the new salad line and they brewed coffee in receipt to the rising coffee house trend. CEO of McDonalds UK has a vision for them. They have to give more value to the customer in order to upgrade the McDonalds experience. They should get fundament to the basics of service and cleanliness. They will re-invent their food with various changes in their ingredients to suit the taste of the customers. The CEO wants McDonalds to become eat restaurant because they have opportunities there.

Impact of Poverty on Economic and Social Issues

Impact of Poverty on Economic and Social Issues Inequality is a matter for concern for every society. Using this statement discuss the uneven spatial access of resources to alleviate poverty Introduction Inequality is a topic that has been increasingly dismissed by many in power for a substantial period of time. Jones (2012) talks of how it has been thought of as an ‘airy- fairy irrelevance’: all that matters is that the living standards of all were improving; this has not been the case though, especially in Britain. This essay will focus on Britain arguing that unless inequality is urgently addressed, it will lead to a large range of economic and social issues. From this the uneven spatial access of resources shall be looked at with a specific focus on opportunity and trust, two issues which are in vital need of attention if poverty is to be alleviated. Politicians need to take a central role in attempting to eradicate inequality; Jackson and Segal (2004) argue that many people, including some on the Left express doubts about whether economic inequality matters to public policy. Wilkinson and Pickett (2009) in their book, The Spirit Level: Why Equal Societies Almost Alw ays Do Better, highlight that less equal societies tend to do worse when it comes to health, education and general well-being. This has been echoed by many others (Brandolini, 2007; Jackson and Segal, 2004; Jones, 2012; Smeeding, 2004, 2005, 2006) yet the government has done very little resulting in inequality in Britain being the fourth highest in the developing world (Wilkinson and Pickett, 2009). Opponents of inequality will argue that if most of us are better off than we used to be, does it matter if some are much, much better off than most? This is a question that shall be addressed as it is central to promoting the argument that inequality is a matter of concern for us all. Defining Poverty Before continuing it is important to define what poverty is. The Oxford Handbook of Economic Inequality (2009) definition is: ‘Living in poverty shall be taken to mean persons, families and groups of persons whose resources (material, cultural and social) are so limited as to exclude them from the minimum acceptable way of life in the Member State in which they live.’ The second definition is from Townsend (1997): ‘The definition of poverty most commonly applied in economically advanced societies is the exclusion from the life of the society due to lack of resources’ Two definitions from different time periods have been used as it is important to get a perspective from different years to see if the definition has changed. As you can see both definition are similar with the exception that the Oxford Handbook (2009) definition is far broader that Townsends’ (1997) definition which focuses on economically developed countries. These two definitions shall be used as the platform when discussing poverty further into this essay and so as such inclusion and exclusion as a form of poverty are the main focus of this essay. Why we should Care about Inequality Since the Coalition came into power in 2010, they have promoted their key phrase of ‘We’re all in it together.’ Jones (2012) sees this as a ludicrous statement because while the average Briton faces the most protracted squeeze in living standards since the 1920s, the Sunday Times Rich List reveals an ever-booming elite. In the developed world there is an obsession with gazing upon those richer than us, peering into their ludicrously privileged lives to see how they function. This can be seen with the rising popularity of shows such as Channel 4’s Made in Chelsea, the show capturing the lives of London’s elite living in Chelsea. Wollaston (2013) describes the show and its main characters very well: ‘these are ghastly, ghastly people – vacuous, petty, dull, and offensive. But there is kind of open-mouthed fascination in watching Made in Chelsea. Its about incredulity more than anything else, tinged with just a hint of jealousy and lechery. Well, they are rather splendid to look at.’ Made in Chelsea is a fitting example to use when looking at how people think about inequality. The vast majority of viewers for the show will look enviously at the characters but would take little if any time at all to consider how and why they are so wealthy considering they seem to do so little. They just want to live their lavish lifestyles; Krugman (2007) notes how this pattern of the wealthy spending more leads to others attempting to do the same. This has led to household debt and inequality rising in both the USA and UK, especially in the run up to the financial crisis in 2008. Krugman (2007) highlights that there is a link between inequality and the financial crises that occurred in 1929 and 2008- both coincided with historic levels of inequality. It should not take financial meltdown to get people talking and thinking about inequality. Shows like Made in Chelsea act as tools to make the general population forget about ineq uality when in fact they should be highlighting it; when this begins to happen inequality will be taken far more seriously by both those in power and the general population. In the introduction the question was posed that if most of us are better off than we used to be, does it matter if some are much, much better off than most? Mandelson (1998) said that the New Labour government was, â€Å"Intensely relaxed about people getting filthy rich.† With politicians having so much power it is imperative that inequality is a matter of concern for them as they can attempt to implement changes needed. This has not and still is not the case though, Jackson and Segal (2004) argue that governments could fix inequality but chose not to and put the recent growth in inequality down to policy decisions taken by the government in the 1980’s and 90’s. During this period Labour ideology and policy was revised, inequality became a taboo subject, something that members of the Labour party seemed to be almost embarrassed about as they potentially thought it may revert back to Old Labour ideals. Jackson and Segal (2004) talk of how the anti-egalitarian thr ust of Thatcherism and the enthusiasm of members to secure the support of affluent floating voters meant that the Labour leadership was transformed. Hattersley (1997) notes the party leadership believed the pursuit of greater equality was an objective that put an arbitrary cap on individuals’ aspirations. Equality does not cap individuals’ aspirations; it just gives everyone a fair platform on which to start. This point was outlined by Kinnock (1987) where he attacked the ‘savage unfairness of the Conservative policy,’ and talked of how if people had a platform on which to stand and build their business or reputation they would flourish. From this point we can move on to talk about opportunity, a resource that must be utilised to move forward as a country and alleviate poverty. The Uneven Access of Opportunity â€Å"For me, the goal of social democracy is to create the sort of society in which the daughter of a Hartlepool shop assistant has as much chance of becoming a High Court judge as the daughter of a Harley Street doctor.† Peter Mandelson, 1998. The statement above from Peter Mandelson is a point which the UK should strive to work towards. Jackson and Segal (2004) note that the richer you are the greater ability you have to do as you want without interference from others. Using the example from above, the daughter of a Harley Street doctor would most likely get a good education and progress onto university if she wanted. The daughter of a Hartlepool shop assistant could have the exact same wants but economically it may not be possible to do as she wants. Table showing correlation between father’s quartile and son’s quartile Source: Dearden, Machin and Reed, 1997, p62 The table above strengthens the argument that there is a connection between class origins and destinations and truly highlights how levels of opportunity are very low for a child born into the lowest level. Britain has to improve the figures shown above to stop the prospect of there being a generation of children born into poverty with no hope, few aspirations and no platform on which to start. Rawls (1999) notes that while a meritocratic might argue that an individual deserves to be able to eat in fine restaurants or own a new car as a result of her superior productive contribution, it is harder to claim that an individual deserves to be healthier or to be better educated simply as a result of his/her (or his/her parents’) talents. Being born into a poorer family should not impact your opportunities, but unfortunately this seems to be the case in many places. This essay has argued that equality in opportunity needs to be achieved in the attempt to alleviate poverty. Brooks (2008) has argued though that what people really need is neither material equality nor equality of opportunity but simply good access to economic opportunity. This point of view is one that many would see as a better solution, if everyone had better access to money then surely the playing field would be a more level one? Wilkinson and Pickett (2009) use the example of London, one of the most unequal cities on Earth, where the top 10% receive 273 times more than the bottom 10% (IFS, 2010). This essay would argue that although economic opportunity is an important factor, on its own it would solve nothing. Increasing economic opportunity would do very little in such an unequal place; improving equality of opportunity would allow people to truly strive towards their goals without being stopped due to lack of money ,being born in the wrong part of the country or being born i nto a lower class family. Wilkinson and Pickett (2009) highlight that in London there are those who feel excluded and can see what they are denied on an almost daily basis. This was the main reasons for the summer riots in 2011. Jackson and Segal (2004) note that beyond a certain point money does not improve the quality of life in a society but greater equality and opportunity does. Reducing this gap in Britain would facilitate a happier, healthier and more successful population. The most unequal countries, the US, the UK, Portugal and Singapore have much worse social problems than the most equal countries of Japan, Sweden and Norway (Wilkinson and Pickett, 2009). Effects of Low Levels of Trust Another significant factor in trying to alleviate poverty is increasing the levels of trust in Britain. Uslaner (2002) argues that to maintain trust between members of a community, ‘what matters is not how rich a country is, but how equitable the dispersion of income is.’ In unequal communities members trust one another less; Hsieh and Pugh (1993) highlight that these more unequal societies suffer from higher crime rates, health and education issues and, in particular higher homicide rates. Putnam (2000) argues that growing inequality has coincided with a decline in social cohesion and goes on to say how more detailed empirical studies have shown that tangible social fragmentation is indeed associated with rising inequality. Jackson and Segal (2004) note that in more unequal societies people trust each other less. Inequality undermines the sense of community- as a result of people’s lives being so different the feeling of common citizenship becomes more and more d ifficult. Lansley (2011) talks of how, ‘greater inequality increases status competition and provides fertile soil for the growth of mistrust and isolation.’ These factors aren’t a good platform for a country to grow from and attempt to create a society that tries to include people who want to work. Kawachi (1997) notes how economic efficiency can be enhanced if there is greater interpersonal trust among communities, this would mean a greater number of people being prepared to work with one another creating the potential for a variety of new products and services. Continuing on the subject of trust levels decreasing in Britain, residential segregation depending on social class has increased as people move away from less desirable areas partly as a consequence of spiralling inequality. Hutton (1996) describes residential segregation as, ‘the drawbridge community for the rich and the decaying housing estates locked in viscous circles of depopulation and poverty for the poor.’ With the rich increasingly excluding themselves from others it has serious consequences for attempts to guarantee adequate funding for public services which could then fall into decline leading to those at the bottom losing out. Jackson and Segal (2004) note that shared public services have an important role in social democratic thought: certain goods essential to the health and well-being of citizens are decommodified in order to equalise access of such goods relative to market distribution. These services should be in a space, in which all members of the comm unity are welcome equally, Hutton (1999) highlights that this mixing together of individuals from different backgrounds who would never usually meet is the end goal and helps to keep the services running. However, in a country where levels of inequality are high and trust is low, the wealthy can buy their way out of these services. If the rich are not included in the public system they are likely to be far less supportive of efforts to improve them, and very unhappy at the prospect of having to pay higher taxes needed to fund them. Titmuss (1968) argued that, ‘services for poor people have always tended to be poor quality services.’ If trust was higher the different social classes would mix and we would not have services labelled as rich or poor; services for those at the bottom are so poor it is incredibly difficult for them to get themselves out of poverty and engage with the economy. Britain has the lowest life expectancy out of the 23 most developed countries (Wilki nson and Pickett, 2009) despite spending vast sums of money on healthcare. This is because large amounts of money are going to the wealthy while those at the bottom struggle to survive on what little they are given. Following on from the previous section, we can look at how inequality and trust have led to services for the least well of declining. Schwabish, Smeeding and Osberg (2003) found that countries such as Britain with large levels of economic inequality had lower levels of spending on public programmes that provide goods or income and services to households. This occurs because the rich become more distant from the other classes leading to them finding it easy to opt out of public programmes and convert to private services. This may not seem like a problem at first, but because the rich exert a greater influence over decision and policy making than the other groups political support for these goods and services is eroded. People not only at the bottom, but also in the middle therefore have services that could be far better. Conclusion â€Å"If you are born poor in a more equal society like Finland, Norway or Denmark then you have a better chance of moving into a good job than if you are born in the United States. If you want the American dream – go to Finland.† Ed Miliband, speech to the Sutton Trust 21 May 2012 This essay has shown how two untraditional resources of opportunity and trust can have a huge impact on how we can deal with poverty in Britain. The current and future governments have a huge task ahead of them if they are to reduce poverty and to promote social mobility. Jackson and Segal (2004) highlight the need for policy changes and public attitude changes. For policy changes there is no set rule on how to tackle inequality and poverty, which we have seen throughout this essay are linked very closely. It is clear that policy- makers need to think creatively and broaden their ambitions to forge a strategy for Britain. For public attitude changes Jackson and Segal Jones (2012) note that, ‘a large majority agree with the proposition that the gap between the rich and the poor is too large.’ A large majority agree that the gap between rich and poor is too large, with over 80% agreeing with this statement from the early 1990’s onwards (Hills, 2001). Most will recog nise that the low paid make a huge contribution to society and the economy and thus deserve more than they are getting at present. Once policy and attitudes have changed, as it has been shown in this essay the economy will prosper, society will function more efficiently and this should reduce poverty levels in Britain. References Brooks, A (2008). Gross National Happiness. Why Happiness Matters for America – and How We Can get More of It. New York: Basic Books. Dearden, L, Machin, S and Reed, H, (1997) ‘Intergenerational Mobility in Britain’, Economic Journal, 107, pp47-66. Greenspan, A (2007), The Age of Turbulence, Penguin. Hattersley, R, (1997) ‘Why I’m No Longer Loyal to Labour’, The Guardian, 26 July; Brown, G, (1997) ‘Why Labour is Still Loyal to the Poor’, The Guardian, 2 August Hills, J. (2001) ‘Poverty and Social Security: What Rights? Whose Responsibilities?’ in Park, Curtice, Thompson, Jarvis and Bromley (eds), (2001) British Social Attitudes: The 18th Report – Public Policy, Social Ties, London, Sage, pp8-9; Hsieh, C and Pugh, M, (1993) ‘Poverty, Income Inequality, and Violent Crime: a Meta-analysis of Recent Aggregate Data Studies’, Criminal Justice Review, 18, pp182-202. Hutton, W, (1999) ‘Real Cost of the Property Boom’, The Observer, 15 August. Marshall, TH, (1950) Andersen, G, (1990) Citizenship and Social Class, Cambridge, CUP; Esping- The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, Cambridge, Polity, pp35-54. Jackson, B and Segal, P. (2004). Why Inequality Matters. Catalyst Working Paper. Jones, O. (2012). Why Inequality Matters. Centre of Labour and Social Studies Kawachi, I, Kennedy, B, Lochner, K and Prothrow-Stith, D, (1997) ‘Social capital, Income Inequality and Mortality’, American Journal of Public Health, 87, pp1493-4 Kinnock, N, (1987) The Biography, London, Little, Brown Co., p406. Krugman, P. 2003 The Great Unraveling: Losing Our Way in the New Century Krugman, P. 2007. The Conscience of a Liberal Lansley, S (2011) The Costs of Inequality Three Decades of the Super Rich and the Economy, Gibson Square. London Institute for Fiscal Studies (2010). Poverty and Inequality in the UK: 2010. Available at: http://www.ifs.org.uk/publications/4877.11 Mandelson, P. (1998) ‘New Labour: The Challenge of Becoming New Labour’, at http://www.petermandelson.com/newlabour.shtml. Mandelson, P.1998. Report for the Financial Times by David Wighton on 23 October 1998 Miliband,E. (2012) Speech to the Sutton Trust 21 May 2012 Putnam, R, (2000) Bowling Alone, New York, Simon Schuster, pp358-9 Rawls, J, (1999) [1971] A Theory of Justice, Oxford, OUP, pp63-4. See also Dworkin, R, (2000) Sovereign Virtue: The Theory and Practice of Equality, Cambridge MA, Harvard UP Salverda, W, Nolan, B and Smeeding, T. (2009) The Oxford Handbook of Economic Inequality. Oxford University Press Schwabish, J, Smeeding, T and Osberg, L, (2003) ‘Income Distribution and Social Expenditures: A Cross-National Perspective’, Luxembourg Income Series Working Paper No. 350, Syracuse University, p35. Townsend, P, 1979. Poverty in the United Kingdom. Harmondsworth: Penguin Titmuss, RM, (1968) Commitment to Welfare, London, Allen Unwin, p134. Uslaner, E M, (2002) The Moral Foundations of Trust, Cambridge, CUP, pp230- 42, p181. We are grateful to Patti Lenard for guiding us through the literature on trust and inequality. Wilkinson, R and Pickett, K (2009). The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better. London: Allen Lane. Wilkinson (2009), op.cit., p. 23 Wollaston, S. 2013. http://www.guardian.co.uk/tv-and-radio/2013/apr/09/made-in-chelsea-tv-review

A High School Stereotype Essay -- Stereotyping Teens Essays

A High School Stereotype Most students who have gone to high school had a lot of involvement in events that would possibly change them for the rest of their lives. Most students have a lot of memories and went through a lot of changes during that most unusual four year period. Events like learning how to drive, proms, and SAT’s are just a few of the things that all students had to go to while attending high school. Furthermore, most students were also involved in their school in some way shape or form. Examples of this would be sports such as football, track, or wrestling, fine arts such as band or theater, or academics such as clubs like the national honor society. However, to say that all of these groups of people keep only to themselves and never interact with other people is false. A New York Times article written in May of 1999 by Tamar Lewin says just that. This article describes how cliques and other social groups function at Chaparral High School in Scottsdale, Arizona. It also des cribes the parallels between Chaparral High School and Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado. The article uses appeals to emotion throughout, but does not make any real logical argument to back up the facts it presents. Most of the article rides on appeals to emotion, relying on the testimonials of a number of students to get the point across that the school is at risk. A technique that the author uses to get the point across using pathos is a mild form of scare tactic. Throughout the entire article the author makes references to Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado and how the two high schools are similar in size, wealth, and ethnic makeup. Everyone knows Columbine of course for the unfortunate s... ...ool with a higher income neighborhood, or they could have happened at a school with a lower income neighborhood. And to pin the events upon a certain high school saying that they are most likely to have a school shooting next is not accurate at all. Throughout the article, the author presents information that causes one to question the safety of our high schools. This information is directed toward a certain high school, causing concern among that school. Furthermore, the information presented does not have the kind of credibility that it needs to for the author to make statements like those made in the article. Around the nation many high schools are being falsely accused of being something that they aren’t. High school is a time for fun times and memories, and with false and stereotypical articles being written, it may take away from the memorable experience.

Media :: essays research papers

The media has a profound influence on the decisions I make. Whether it is what movie I see or what I plan on doing according to the weather, I look to the media and television news, in particular, for the answers. I also listen to the radio for updates on world events. The media help shape our world and the decisions we make by keeping leaders accountable. The media has a role in the decisions I make about politics, opinions on world issues, and how I conduct myself from day to day.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the 2005 Presidential election, both candidates had mass exposure to the media. They used their resources to get their issues and views heard. But, the incumbent, President Bush, had an advantage. He always had the media at his disposal. He already had name and face recognition. They have been with him since he was elected in 2000. For this reason, I think he had adequate coverage and time to get his agenda heard and get voters interested in voting for him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I also depend on the many outlets the media has to keep me informed on world event and other breaking news. From the recent death of the Holy Father- Pope John Paul II, to the day's traffic I need to know what is effecting me so I can make an informed decision on where I stand. They help to keep the pressing issues in perspective from both sides.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I also need the local media to help get me through the day. From traffic to weather, the local media is the closest contact to what is happening all around my. The media is good about coving all the issues from the world to the cities and every where in between. The media helps me make a decision on movies, games, and a multitude of other consumer products.

The Problem of Loneliness :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Problem of Loneliness In theology class, loneliness was defined as the experience of being disconnected, unrelated, or cut off from the Other. The Other is something that fulfills a dimension of the human person, that pushes one to enter into relationships, be it with God or another human. In core humanities we examined St. Augustine’s spiritual autobiography, The Confessions of St. Augustine, and credited him with defining the concept. However, many other writers since Augustine’s time have also worked with this notion of loneliness. Dante while writing his famous cantos about the afterlife and, more recently, Sr. Helen Prejean in her novel Dead Man Walking both eloquently elaborated on the idea that it is necessary for humans to enter into relationships. Humanity’s need for the Other becomes more and more apparent in Dante’s Inferno as Dante descends deeper into Hell. In the upper circles of Hell, Dante describes punishments that fit the various sins the sinners committed while they were alive. The sinners are punished with an overindulgence of their sin. For instance, the circle of the angry is filled with angry people who yell at each other for eternity just as the circle of the wrathful is filled with wrathful people who will, similarly, hit each other for eternity. While being placed in these circles is not desirable, it should be noted that the sinners do have contact with one another and, in a demented way, are happy because they are getting to do what they most wanted to do on Earth. When Dante crosses the wall of Dis, he begins to describe more severe punishments; what was described in class as "Little Mermaid Hell" disappears. Pain is now inflicted from a source outside the sinners. Actual physical pain becomes an issue. For instance, one group of sinners is described as being torn limb from limb by devils and then thrown back into a river of boiling blood. At this point the reader should notice that the sinners are no longer able to interact with each other. Dante illustrates this lack of contact even more clearly when he reaches the deepest regions of Hell. There, Dante describes how the sinners are kept completely isolated from one another in blocks of ice. Virgil, Dante’s guide, informs Dante that the worst sinners are punished in this fashion because their sins completely cut them off from the rest of humanity. And, just as in the rest of Dante’s Hell, these sinners are placed in Hell according to what their actions were on Earth.

Equality, Diversity and Rights Essay

Diversity overall is what makes everyone a unique human being, for example the human race is incredibly diverse. There are different aspects of diversity in a contemporary British Society, which could be skin colour, religion, heritage, hair colour, education, gender, social class, race, political opinion, marital status and family structure could be some for example. It is important to be open to differences and celebrate it because that way you can take advantage of everyone’s talent. You need to be prepared for changes as things are changing within the whole of Britain and working population, for example people from ethnic minorities make up 7.9% of the UK population and in London its 31%. It is an advantage living in a diverse society as everyone is different and everyone has their own opinions. Equality overall is about fairness which means making judgements from discrimination it is also about natural justice which is basic/fundamental judicial extended to a person with rights at issue, it is also about being impartial and reasonable which means showing lack of favourism and being liable to give a account of one’s actions. The British society is viewed as one that tolerates the beliefs and values of others; tolerance means to tolerate unfavourable conditions. Although there are those who are intolerant to others, our laws and the way we live in society means that we are a society tolerant to others differences and we are open-minded. There are people within society that pre-judge which means that you judge without knowing the facts, they may also generalise which means having a general overview of something, there is also attitude which people may do which is a mental state involving beliefs and feeling, all these three things are negative to society as this could l ead to discrimination towards some-one. We all have the right to be respected, treated equally and also not discriminated against, treated in a dignified way, allowed privacy, protected from danger or harm, allowed access to personal information (confidentiality), allowed to communicate using preferred methods and cared for in such ways that means our needs and takes account for our choices. We also need to have respect this is being polite, having open body language, being an active listener, being honest, by asking them if they are ok, addressing the person with their preferred name, give them a choice, and most of all give them dignity and privacy. Everybody as a British citizen has their own right, which could be to be the religion you want to be, the right to be free from discrimination, a freedom of speech, a right to education, the right to choice your lifestyle and your clothing, the right to work, the right to be in a relationship and to get married, right to have children, right to be treated medically, and the right to have the right trial. You also have the right to be protected from danger and harm. Care Value Base The care value base is a range of standards for health and social care. It is designed to guide the practice of professionals working in the area. The aim of the standards is to improve client’s quality of life, by ensuring that each person gets the care that is appropriate for them as an individual. This care value base offers guidance in three main areas of health and social care it also sets standards, these three areas are: * Fostering equality and diversity – which is recognising and supporting people’s individual needs. * Fostering people’s rights and responsibilities – which means supporting a client’s right to choose their own life style and helping them to accept their responsibilities. * Maintaining confidentiality of information – which means that any information client’s give you is private and confidential whether it is verbal, written or electronic. You have to avoid a lot of things on the Care Value Base which are: * Stereotyping because you may make assumptions on them based on their sex, race, age nationality or sexuality for example. * Prejudice because you can’t not like some-one just on how they live or their personal background and carers have to ensure prejudice doesn’t affect the quality of care given to service users/clients * Discrimination because there are so many ways of discriminating against some-one as there are so many different types of people. Discrimination is overall the result of prejudice and stereotyping but worse and it also means providing poorer or better care to some people. * Race Discrimination because you can’t treat some-one differently because of the colour of their skin or their racial background * Sex Discrimination because you can’t treat different genders (male or female) differently you have to treat them in the same way. * Age Discrimination because you can’t treat some-one less favourably because of their age. * Disabili ty Discrimination because if some-one has a disability it doesn’t mean they are any different to us therefore you have to treat them the same. You also need to make sure that service users/clients are aware of their rights and responsibilities in care setting, which are: Clients have the right to: Clients have a responsibility to: * Not discriminate against others * Respect the confidentiality of others * Do no harm to others * Not be discriminated against * Confidentiality * Their own beliefs and values There is also a legal requirement to keep all personal records confidential. The 1998 Data Protection Act states that date has to be secure, accurate, and that it can only be used for limited purposes. Potential Affects on Service Users when Discriminated Against If a service user has been discriminated against or not been able to their right or not been treated equally to all the other service users then the service users may feel a lot of feelings and may not want to be there, there are many emotions the service users may feel such as: * Distress because they are not getting the full attention they could be getting from their carer’s, and they might need the attention they require which they are not getting. * Not want to be there, this is because they are not being treated as though they deserve to be there; therefore they will feel like they shouldn’t be there like every other service user is. * Embarrassed because other service users may be always looking at them and they may be thinking that they are getting treated probably whereas they aren’t. * Scared because something might be wrong with them, however the service user is not being told because they are not being treated equally. * Might bring back previous exper iences this is because they may have been through this experience before at another occasion. * Be out of his/her comfort zone, this might be because they are used to being treated equally and right by family/friends however where the service user is now they are not. * Worried because the service user is not getting totally cared for therefore he has got no-one to talk to about things such as things he worries about therefore the service user is going to worry more. * Cry for help, this might be because they may have got that worried, stressed, angry etc. that they need to cry and plead for their attention from carer’s. * May be in pain, this may because the service user hasn’t been checked out by carers and they wouldn’t have access to pain killers etc. * May even be scared of dieing, this is because they haven’t been comforted by carers/friends in the care home, hospital etc. * Upset because they don’t know why they are being treated differently to everyone else and why they are not getting the right service they should be getting. * Angry because they are not getting the professional service that should be given to them. There will be many other emotions the service user will be feeling and this would but the service user in a very awkward way of feeling and may start to not eat, or not take part in any activities or may make him just want to sit down all day and do nothing which is not good for the service user. The service user would expect a lot of things from the carer such as: *Respect towards them- because they this is what they expect from the carer and this is the way they would like to be treated as they treat the carer with respect * Politeness- because if the carer is not polite it wouldn’t be a professional attitude towards the service user. * To be told what or what’s going to happen to them- this would be rude and the service user would want to know what is going on and what they are going to do or what they are doing to them. The service user would also need to give consent that they are willing to do this. * To be reassured- if the service user is upset, angry, scared etc, the carer would be expected to reassure them, and tell them everything will be okay and to talk to them politely and not to make them more upset. * A clean bed- the service user will expect a clean bed, if this is not done then the service user could be laid in their own soil/sick etc. * Clean equipment- should be used as cross contamination could happen between certain services users, clean equipment should also be used because one of the service users may have something contagious therefore it would pass onto another service user. * Appropriate language- because this would be unprofessional if the carer was talking to a service user with inappropriate language therefore appropriate language should be used at all times. * Treated with profession- because the service user expects this. * Privacy- because the service user may feel embarrassed other service users/carers watching them being treated or getting changed for example therefore when privacy is need by the service user the carer should always give them it. Privacy may be letting the service user have some time to themselves. * To be informed- this should be done to every service user because the service user needs to know what is wrong with them, what is going to happen, when they may be able to leave if they are in a hospital for example. * Given a choice- the service needs to be given a choice because what they may need to happen may be against their religion, they also may not want this to happen, they may be allergic to what they need to do, however these are only a few examples of why service users need to be given a choice. It is also known as discriminated if this does not happen. * Basic needs- the service users needs to have basic needs such as clean water for them to shower/bath in, they also need basic facilities such as a clean toilet/wash basin. The service user will also expect drinks/food to eat. * Trust- the service user will also expect trust from the carer because the service user will tell their carer things, that may be private or they may not but whether they are or not the carer should not tell any-one else unless it could cause harm to other service users or anybody else. * Equal opportunities- the service user will also expect to be treated equally to every other service user as the service user will be discriminated against. * Good hygiene- the service users will expect the carers and the surrounding to be hygienic. * Dignity- the service user will expect the carer to treat them with dignity because they expect respect, politeness etc. * Confidentiality- the service user will expect their individual files to be kept confidential, they will also expect their carers to be confidential about them out of work therefore they shouldn’t say to anyone out of work who they are and what’s wrong with them. The Importance of Promoting Equal and recognising Diversity & Respecting Rights Promoting equality is a very important issue in the health and social care sector; this is because equality in a health and social care setting means the right for all staff and patients to be treated as equals. This also means that you should treat some-one the way you would like to be treated however as a carer this can not apply to you because if a service user was speaking to you impolite, this doesn’t mean you can talk to them rudely aswell as you are a professional. The main reason inequality exists is the misunderstanding by today’s society towards diversity. Diversity can be a lot of things it can be from the classic norms, and can be used in the form of age, gender, race, religion, sexual orientation aswell as many other equal unfair reasons. Also by promoting equality you are allowing growth and freedom of an expression for each person.

Mr. Sun

Module Code: PM002 Class/Group: Group C Module Title: Research Design and Critique Assessment: Full Research Proposal Assignment Title: An investigation into the factors that influence the Glaswegian public’s choice of car. Student ID Number: 2059626 Date of Submission: November 29th, 2012 An investigation into the factors that influence the Glaswegian public’s choice of car. Rationale The number of automobiles had risen to over 1 billion vehicles all the world in 2010, which is 20 times more than this number in 1986(Sousanis, John,2011).Car plays a indispensable role in today's society, according to a survey from World Bank(2011), the number of ownership of motor vehicles per 1,000 people is more than 500 in most of developing countries, especially for Monaco, the number was 908(World Bank Data,2009). Although cars have become more and more commonplace, but the cars are still expensive commodity, also there is no doubt that the final decisions are usually made after ca reful consideration when people purchasing a car(Kathuria, Singla,2012). At the same time, as the vehicle types supplied to be chosen by consumers have become more and more various.When consumer facing with abundant of choices, they become more and more confused and irresolute. With the segmentation of automobile market, the factors that affect the public' car choices are more and more diversified. According to Couton et al. (2006), various studies have applied hedonic price modeling to show that price variation among new cars can be explained by differences in key product characteristics such as horsepower, engine capacity, speed, and safety features. However, these measurable variables may not be the main explanatory factors which will influence the choice of consumers.Based on the above mentioned content, this research will focus on the decisive factors which will impact the public's final choice of car, especially in the Glasgow area due to investigations and studies in the fiel d will be carried out and conducted in this city. Its results would probably benefit to car dealers and consumers. Especially for car manufacturers, they can according to consumer preferences to redesign and improve vehicles to gain better market performance. 1. What are the choices the public have when buying a car? 2. What are the main factors influencing public’s choices? . What variables affect these factors? Annotate Bibliography Banerjee,S. (2010) ,Study on Consumer Buying Behavior During Purchase of a Second Car , Journal of Marketing & Communication ,6 (2),4-13. This essay describes that for different types of automobiles, the main factors affect consumer’s purchase is slightly different in choosing a particular brand is always based on the different set of consumers towards various preference parameter. For different market segments of vehicle, dimensions are different. A successful car brand has had to accept and adopt these dimensions.In addition, the author also pointed out that there are many common factors influence the public's choice between consumers to buying a second car and purchasing the first one, but there are some obvious differences between them. For example, functional level factor such as car efficacy and usefulness are main concerns for second car buyers. Moreover, this article also mentioned that a high level of investment in advertising and promotional activities may not be able to guarantee a high percentage of repeat purchase. However, a long-term stable customer relationship will probably increase the probability of second time purchase.This journal is effectively to analysis interrelationship between consumer’s first car and second car, and common facts which seem to influence the public’s purchase behavior. The survey uses a probability sampling approach conducted with the passenger car owners in India with 525 samples. However, in this article, the author does not mention the relationship and impo rtance between satisfaction of customers on the second-hand value of the first car and loyalty for choosing the second-hand car, because a high level of satisfaction, may bring referral and repeat purchase.Randol E. Bucklin, S. Siddarth, Jorge M. Silva-Risso,(2008), â€Å"Distribution Intensity and New Car Choice†,JOURNAL OF MARKETING RESEARCH, Vol. XLV, 473-496. This journal demonstrate that the relationship between 4S shops distribution intensity of cars and brand new car buyers’ choices in the U. S. automobile market. Different from price, effect of advertising, promotional activities and other factors, distribution intensity changes relatively slow, but the distribution intensity will be affected some variables, thereby might affect decisions of consumers buying cars.Additionally, this article used information on the U. S car sales transactions gave by the Power Information Network, which included the accurate geographic locations of consumers and dealers. Non-prob ability sampling method was used in 55 4S shops as a samples. Dealer accessibility, dealer concentration and dealer spread would determine distribution intensity and then will largely affect the choice of the people for the car brands.This journal is relevant to the topic of this research, firstly it provides information about what factors will influence the public’s choice of car, secondly it shows how the three main variables influence the distribution intensity of each brand, so that influence the public’s choice of car. However, this study focuses on only the distribution intensity about car dealers, makes no attempt to differentiate between various different types of car, and the conclusion might not suitable for the niche car brands. Beside this, the author might overlook the fact that distribution intensity ontributes to high-end car brands. Dharmaraj,C. , Clement,S. J. ,(2010). Brand Preference Factors of Passenger Cars: An Empirical Assessment, Indiana Univers ity Press, The IUP Journal of Brand Management, 7(3),19-33. This article mainly analyzes the factors which will influence consumer's automotive brand preference. According to the author's study, performance of passenger cars are considered as the most important factor which might dominate consumer's preference, especially for male consumers, but economic abilities are the bases of the preference.In addition, the marketing communication strategy of a car will also largely affect the overall decisions of consumers. In conclusion, the comprehensive strength of a car, such as safety factor, industrial design, stability, scientific and technological content, durability, daily use cost, re-sale value , fuel consumption, comforts and so on, each of them is factor influence people ‘s preference and choice of car. This study is highly relevant to the topic of this research and demonstrates most of factors that will influent consumer purchase preference comprehensively and systematicall y.Although this survey collected data using questionnaires from 712 car buyers/owners by simple random sampling, there is not any variables about the respondents are addressed. In addition, the author offers no explanation for the distinction between Indian car market and developed countries’ market, the simple random sampling method was conducted in a midsize Indian city. Therefore, it is slightly possible that the survey result might not apply for city of Glasgow. Baltas,G. , Saridakis,G. 2009),†Brand-name effects, segment differences, and product characteristics: an integrated model of the car market†, Journal of Product & Brand Management, 18(2), 143 –-151. This article discusses that price of car is a main factor influence the public’s choice, and the price structure of new car market is determined by automobile characteristics, brand effects, and segment differences. A hedonic price experimental model is designed and implemented that includes b rand-name heterogeneity and functional characteristics.In addition, another extensive dataset model is applied to support the brand effects and hypotheses of segment differences. According to these two models, in mainstream car market, the functional characteristics determines automobile prices largely , however in high-end car market, incremental value is added to a car because its brand value , so the connotation of the brand value decide the price of prestige brands cars in large extent. The findings of this article include relevant information to this research. Firstly, it is a great probability that price of car is one of key facts which influence the public’s choice.This article demonstrates that there are at least three reasons determine the structure of automobile prices, and analyzes the variables and decisive factors of prices in mainstream segments and high-end segments respectively. However, the research focuses on many of the variables affecting the price of car and does not take into account other factors such as the industrial design of a car and the impact of marketing strategies. At the same time, mentioned in the text, the implicit brand value will affect car prices, thereby affecting consumer’s choice, but it is possible that the brand price is difficult to be quantified accurately.Kathuria,L. M. , Singla,V. ,(2012) Purchase of Pre-Owned Small Cars in India: An Exploratory Study, The IUP Journal of Marketing Management, 11(2),63-75. This study highlights that the main factors impacting the buying choice of second hand small vehicle were purchasing power constraint, high cost-effective, improve driving skills, desire for car , high resale price, good quality of after-sales service, brand public praise and easy to maintenance. Additionally, families who want to buy new four-wheelers to replace old two-wheelers should be seen as a new market segment might be targeted for selling cars.This article contributes to understand differen t and similar factors between people buying a new small car and pre-owned car. Nevertheless, the article was just focus on small vehicle with a specification requirements of length? 4 meters and with an engine displacement? 1,500 cubic centimeters (cc) for diesel and petrol, therefore, the universality of the research results might have certain limitations. Methodology As can be seen from previous studies and related sources, the factors affecting people's choice can be divided into two parts to analysis respectively.The one part is factors that influence people to buy a new car and the other is factors that influence people to choose a used car. Moreover, the new car dealers and used car markets are also often separated. Therefore, an explanatory study to illustrate the relationship between the consumer preferences and purchase factors by using a quantitative method is essential. In addition , the relationship between these two parts, as well as the positive and negative effects of factors of two parts would be explored with exploratory study concluded by a qualitative method.In modern societies, the number of car owners is very numerous, so within a short period of time to collect the data information from a large population base which is very important and not very easy. Although a case study strategy could be used to explore a contemporary phenomenon in its real life context, but it may take more time and lack breadth which makes it hard to generalize results (Saunders et al. 2009: 141-154). Beside this, survey data usually comes from standardizing academic investigating behaviors and tools, so that might make results more authoritative and reliable.Therefore, survey is a suitable research strategy for this research. According to Bryman (2012) points out that â€Å"quantitative research may sometimes be untrusted because the data can be artificial and spurious†. Because of there is a very numerous number of car owners, so a non-probability sampling would be used in this research. As here are almost 700,000 people who lived in the city of Glasgow, that means the sample size might bigger, a questionnaire is a data collection technique in which each person responds to the same set of questions, so questionnaire is more suitable for this research.Although the non-standardised interviews as a method is good for demonstrating the reasons for the decisions and attitudes of research participants (Saunders et al. 2009, 361), it would take too much time, also human and material resources. Ethic issues are defined as a situation or problem that needs people or organization to make a choice between options that must be evaluated as wrong (unethical) or right (ethical)(Business Dictionary,2012).According to the British Sociological Association(2004:2), the social research projects are designed and conducted, ethical issues are necessary to be taken into consideration. In this research, the non-maleficence which contains physical and indire ct harm is the cornerstone of all the ethical issues in the research (Saunders, el at. 2007: 181). In addition, the violation personal privacy and the protection of confidentiality may be the potential ethical issues.Maximum extent to avoid the occurrence of these ethical concerns, before the implementation of the access section of research, questionnaire participants will be informed: firstly,the purpose of this research, their participation is valuable, the results of the research may contribute to R & D and sales of new cars so that they can have a more suitable vehicle and a better car user experience; Secondly, respondents participate in this research follow the principles of voluntary and informed consent, whenever and wherever they can withdraw(Saunders et al, 2009:193); Thirdly, participants do not have to worry about their personal information will be faced with rick of leakage, because the questionnaire are anonymous.In addition, as car is a expensive commodity, questions on questionnaire about personal income and household economic situation of participants should be avoided, so as not to violate their privacy. Beside this, most of purchase of cars are family behavior, taking into account the special circumstances of some families, such as divorce, therefore the marriage status should avoid being asked, so as not to cause discomfort of participants. As Golafshani(2003:598) points out that the reliability is to ensure the consistency of research data collection and analysis. The risk of collecting data may do harmful to research reliability mainly relies on participants.According to Bell(2010:151), participants may finish the questionnaires inaccurately because of many reasons such as bad mood or time limited. If the participants are too excited or in a hurry, there is a small possibility that they fill the questionnaire patiently that would result in the data lacking of reliability, thereby affecting the consistency of collecting data. To solve this problem, use of internet-mediated questionnaires may be more effective, because of the respondents could complete the online questionnaire whenever and wherever they would like. The length of the questionnaire and the use of professional vocabulary may also are potential factors which may influence the research reliability.Advice from Bellk(2006:325), questionnaire is designed no more than two pages may contribute to increasing the quality and completeness. In addition, there are many specialized vocabulary in automotive sector, such as turbocharged and dual-rotor engine, that would confused participants. Therefore, common and usual words should be used as far as possible. According to cook and campbell(1979), the validity is defined as â€Å"best available approximation to the truth or falsity of a given inference, proposition or conclusion†. Firstly, The non-probability sampling will be applied in this research, due to the characteristics of this method, the non-probabilit y sampling will cause a certain threat to validity.Moreover, in the process of collecting data, there is possibility that the instrumentation may change so that influencing the results of this research. Word Count: 2278. References: Andersson, H. (2005), â€Å"The value of safety as revealed in the Swedish car market: an application of the hedonic pricing approach†, The Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Vol. 30 No. 3, pp. 211-39. Baltas,G. , Saridakis,C. (2009), Brand-name effects, segment differences, and product characteristics: an integrated model of the car market, Journal of Product & Brand Management, 18(2),pp. 143 –-151. Belk,R. (2006), Handbook of Qualitative Research Methods. Northampton: Edward Elgar. pp. 322. Bell, J. (2010).Doing your research project, 5th edition. Berkshire: Open University Press. pp. 148-152. British Sociological Association,(2004), Statement of Ethical Practice for the Sociological Association. pp. 2-7. Bryman,A. , (2012). Social Research Method, Fourth Edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press Business Dictionary, Ethical Issue, Retrieved 21 November 2012 from http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/ethical-issue. html Couton,C. , Gardes,F. And Thepaut,Y. (1996),Hedonic prices for environmental and safety characteristics and the Akerlof effect in the French car market. Applied Economics Letters, Vol. 3, pp. 435-40. Dharmaraj,C. , Sudhahar, C. J. ,(2010).Brand Preference Factors of Passenger Cars: An Empirical Assessment, Indiana University Press, The IUP Journal of Brand Management, 7(3),pp. 19-33. Golafshani,H. (2003),Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research,The Qualitative Report, 8(4). PP. 597-607. http://www. nova. edu/ssss/QR/QR8-4/golafshani. pdf Kathuria,L. M. , Singla,V. ,(2012) Purchase of Pre-Owned Small Cars in India: An Exploratory Study, The IUP Journal of Marketing Management. 11(2). pp. 63-75. Reis, H. J. , Silva,S. ,and J. M. C. (2006), Hedonic price indices for new passe nger cars in Portugal (1997-2001), Economic Modelling, Vol. 23, pp. 890-908. Randol,E. , Bucklin,S. , and Siddarth, Jorge M.Silva-Risso,(2008), Distribution Intensity and New Car Choice, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 45(3), pp. 473-496. Saunders,M. , Lewis,P. , and Thornhill,A. (2009), Research Methods for Business Students. Fifth Edition. Essex: Prentice Hall. Sousanis, and John,(2011), World Vehicle Population Tops 1 Billion Units, Wards Auto. Retrieved 17 Nov. 2012,From http://wardsauto. com/ar/world_vehicle_population_110815 Banerjee, S. (2010) ,â€Å"Study on Consumer Buying Behavior During Purchase of a Second Car† , Journal of Marketing & Communication ,6 (2),pp. 4-13. White, R. (2004), How people buy cars, Admap, February, pp. 15-17. White, R. (2006), Advertising cars, Admap, July/August, pp. 14-15.

A Comparative Study of Norman Holland and David Bleich Essay

Reader Response criticism is a general term that refers to different approaches of modern criticism and literary theory that focuses on the responses of readers and their reactions to the literary text. It also, in M.H Abrams’ words, â€Å"does not designate any one critical theory, but a focus on the process of reading a literary text that is shared by many of the critical modes†(268). Reader Response criticism is described as a group of approaches to understanding literature that explicitly emphasize the reader’s role in creating the meaning an experience of a literary work. It refers to a group of critics who study, not a literary work, but readers or audiences responding to that literary work. It has no single starting point. They seriously challenge the dominancy of the text-oriented theories such as New Criticism and Formalism. Reader Response theory holds that the reader is a necessary third part in the author-text-reader relationship that constitutes the literary work. The relationship between readers and text is highly evaluated. The text does not exist without a reader; they are complementary to each other. A text sitting on a shelf does nothing. It does not come alive until the reader conceives it. Reader Response criticism encompasses various approaches or types. Of theses types is the ‘Subjectivist’ Reader Response criticism, which embraces critics such as David Bleich, Norman Holland, who are my focus in this paper, and Robert Crossman. Those critics view the reader’s response not as one guided by text but as one motivated by a deep-seated, personal psychological needs. They also are called ‘Individualists’. As they think that the reader’s response is guided by his psychological needs, therefore some of them, like Norman Holland, have a psychoanalytic view of that response. In the psychoanalytic view the reader responses to the literary work in a highly personal way. The real meaning of the text is the meaning created by the individual’s psyche. Lawrence Shaffer defines Psychoanalytic Criticism as â€Å"an approach to literary criticism, influenced by Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung, which views a literary work as an expression of the unconscious- of the individual psyche of its author or of the collective unconscious of a society or of the whole human race† (44). Reader Response critics have applied the psychoanalytical view to their analysis of the experience of reading a work. Namely; they focus on the psyche of the reader. Prominent among those who applied the psychoanalytical view is the American critic Norman Holland. Born in Manhattan in1927, Holland is an American literary critic and theorist who has focused on human responses to literature, film, and other arts. He is known for his work in Psychoanalytic criticism and Reader Response criticism. Holland began his Psychoanalytic writings with Psychoanalysis and Shakespeare (1966). In which he made a survey of what psychoanalytic writers has said about Shakespeare. He urged psychoanalytic critics to study real people, the audience and readers of literature, rather than imaginary characters. His contribution to Reader Response criticism was great. He has written about† the way self (reader) interacts with world (text) in four books: The Dynamics of Literary Response (1968), Poems in Persons (1973), 5 Readers Reading (1979), and Laughing: A Psychology of Humor (1982)† (Berg 266). According to Holland there are three explanation-models in Reader Response Theory. First, ‘text-active’ model, in which â€Å"the text defines the response†. The second model he calls â€Å"reader-active†, in which readers create meanings, and undergo the reading experience by exploring the text and all its items. â€Å"Word forms, word meanings, syntax, grammar, on up to complex individual ideas about character, plot, genre, themes, or values†(Holland). Thus the reader explores and interprets the text. Most who pioneered this view like Holland are Americans such as David Bleich, Stanley Fish, and Louise Rosenblatt. The third model is a compromise, and Holland calls it ‘bi-active’, in which the text causes part of the response and the reader the rest. Holland thinks that a ‘reader-active’ model is right. He believes that it explains likeness and difference in reading. â€Å"Similarities come from similar hypotheses formed by gender, class, education, race, age, or ‘interpretive community'† (Holland). While the difference come from differing hypotheses that result from individual beliefs, opinions and values, i.e. one’s ‘identity’. Holland considers a ‘test-active’ model is wrong, and therefore a ‘bi-active’ model is also wrong as it is half wrong and consequently all wrong. Holland suggests that â€Å"when we interpret a text, we unconsciously † react to our identity themes. To defend ourselves against our † fears and wishes, we transform the work in order to relieve psychic pressures† (Shaffer 48). Literature allows us to recreate our identities and to know ourselves as Holland deduced after the ‘Delphi seminar’, in which he worked at the State University of New York at Buffalo with other critics such as Robert Rogers, David Willbern and others. The ‘ Delphi seminar’ was designed to get students know themselves. The reader’s re-creation of his identity could happen when he transact with the text in four ways: â€Å"defense, expectation, fantasy, and transformation, which Holland reduces to the acronym ‘DEFT’ † (Newton, Interpreting Text 144). Defenses are ways of copying with inner and outer reality, particularly conflicts between different psychic agencies and reality. Holland thinks that we defend in many ways; we repress our fears and our painful thoughts or feelings, we deny sensory evidence or we isolate one emotion or idea from another. Expectations are our fears and wishes.Fantacies is what the individual puts out from himself into the outside world. In the ‘Delphi seminar’ Holland and the rest of critics â€Å"help[ed] students discover how they each bring a personal style (identity) to reading, writing, learning, and teaching† (Newton, Twentieth-Century 208). The seminar discussed the texts and also their associations, but focused on the associations. Students mastered the subject matter, and also saw how people re-create or develop a personal ‘identity’. Each student had great insight to himself, and his characteristic ways with text and people. Holland thinks that † just as the existence of a child constitutes the existence of a mother and the existence of a mother constitutes the existence of a child, so, in identity theory, all selves and objects constitute one another† (Newton, Twentieth-Century 208). So, I think the existence of a text constitutes the existence of a reader and vice versa, and the understanding of the text constitutes an understanding of self as well. In The Dynamics of Literary Response (1968), Holland was interested in the fact that texts embody fantasies. Later on, his thinking about texts reversed and he inferred that it is the reader who makes fantasies which [s]he transforms or projects onto the literary text. â€Å"People internalize differently because they internalize †¦ according to a core identity theme† (Berg 267). In Poems in Persons (1973), Holland explains that readers create the text, and he also questions the objectivity of the text. In this book Holland suggests that a poem â€Å"is nothing but specks of carbon black on dried wood pulp†, and suggests that these specks have nothing to do with people, yet â€Å"people who do thing to these specks† (Berg 267). When we â€Å"introject literary work we create in ourselves a psychological transformation†, where we feel as if it were within the text or the work yet it is not. This takes us to Holland’s ‘transactional’ model in which the reader initiates and creates the response. Holland saw that reading is a ‘transactional’ process in which the reader and the text mesh together. And it is a â€Å"personal transaction of the reader with the text in which there is no fundamental division between the text’s role and the reader’s role† (Newton, Interpreting Text 142), so the roles of the text dovetails with that of the reader. Holland has hired a group of students for an experiment. They read short stories and discussed them with him in interviews in which he asked questions and elicited associations. Their responses showed a more variety than he could explain. â€Å"Different readers might interpret a poem or a story differently at the level of meaning, morals, or aesthetic value. The text itself, however, was a fixed entity that elicited fairly fixed responses† (Holland). He regards the text as an objective entity and has no role in the process of interpretation. But in his next book 5 Readers Reading (1979) he gives more evidence of the subjective creation of the reader. He tried his model on actual readers. Five readers read ‘A Rose for Emily’ by Faulkner, and in the process of reading they create very different stories, â€Å"stories which inevitably reflect the identity themes of their creators† (Berg 267). When he listened to their understandings of a given character or event or phrase, he found them invariably different. Their emotional responses were diverse. So, the idea that there is a fixed or appropriate response was an illusion. Holland deduces that fantasies, structures, and forms do not exist in a literary work as he previously conceived, but they exist in the individual reader’s re-creation of the text. Holland thinks that â€Å"each person reads differently, and this difference stems from personality† (Newton, Twentieth-Century 204). Holland found that he could understand the reader’s differing responses by reading their identities. And he could explain their different reactions to the poem or short story by looking to their identity themes, as their patters of defences, expectations, fantasies, and transformations will help. The transformational model of his Dynamics was correct, but it was the reader who does the transformation and not the text. The text was only a raw material. So Holland arrives at the deduction that people who have fantasies after his previous assumption that text embody fantasies. Holland’s thinking about texts reversed after David Bleich’s proddi ng who insisted that texts do not have fantasies, people do. To understand a literary work, Holland claims that you should perceive it through the lens of some human perception, either your own experience, or someone else, or even a critic’s analysis of the work. These perceptions vary from individual to individual, from community to community, and from culture to culture. He thinks that one cannot perceive the raw, naked text, as he can only perceive it through some one else’s process of perception. Thus Holland claims that â€Å"if readers’ free responses to texts are collected they [will] have virtually nothing in common† (Newton, Interpreting Text 143). According to Holland the relation between the ‘subjective’ and ‘objective’ is undifferentiated and can not be separated. For there is a ‘transactional’ process of interpretation where the roles of the reader and the text are intertwined, and the line dividing them blurs and dissolves. He thinks that readers should accept interpretation as a ‘transaction’ between the reader’s unique ‘identity’ and the text. Holland, however, does not want to take the side of the objective or that of the subjective, yet he is looking for a vanishing point between them, and wants to make both text and reader meet at an intersection of interpretation. David Bleich (1936-) is a Jewish critic, a son of a rabbi, a professor of Talmud, and a Subjectivist Reader Response critic. In Subjective Reader Response, the text is subordinated to the individual reader. The subject becomes the individual reader as he reacts to the text and reveals himself in the act of reading. For example, when a reader is addressed with a story of a father who ignores his child, then the intensity of that reader’s reaction may lay it his/her conflicted relation with his own father. Subjective criticism has been attacked as being too relativistic. Defenders of this approach point out that literature must work on a personal, emotional level to move us powerfully. David Bleich takes an approach differs from Holland’s. H is primary concern in his book Readings and Feelings is pedagogy rather than psychology. He thinks that â€Å"reading is a wholly subjective process†(Rabinowitz 86), and that the different or competing interpretation can be negotiated and settled. He examines the ways in which meanings or interpretations are constructed in a class room community, â€Å"with particular emphasis on the ways in which a group can negotiate among competing interpretations†(86). In Readings and Feelings, Bleich presents† a detailed account of his teaching techniques during a typical semester†(Berg 269). That’s why he is concerned with pedagogy and not psychology. He introduces himself to his class and discusses the way he wants his students to look at literature. The first preliminary sessions were designed to help students be acquainted with their subjective feelings, and how to depict them. Even the â€Å"idiosyncratic personal responses† of the students are accepted and discussed sympathetically. With the students Bleich plunges into different literary genres including poetry, short story, and novel. Yet before discussing these genres, â€Å"Bleich wants his students to be as personal as possible when they discuss poetry. He wants their affective responses, their free associations, any anecdotal material that occurs to them† (Berg 269). Bleich focuses on questions such as what is â€Å"the most important word, the most important passage, or the most important aspect of a story† (269). Thus, he believes that his students move from the personal to the interpersonal and then to the social. The cause of these movements is not â€Å"the change in genre†¦; but the tenor of the questions Bleich asks†(269) is what guides the movement. Shaffer says that â€Å"In Subjective Criticism (1978), Bleich assumes that ‘each person’s most urgent motivations are to understand himself’ and that all ‘objective’ interpretations are derived ultimately from subjective responses† (Shaffer 48). Like Norman Holland, Bleich focuses on the subconscious responses of the readers to the text, including his â€Å"emotional responses, our infantile, adolescent, or simply ‘gut’ responses† (Berg 268). According to Bleich the interpretation of texts or the personal responses to texts are in a way or another motivated. Namely; we are motivated by certain things to make a certain interpretation or response to a literary work in particular or a work of art in general. Our interpretations are a motivated activities, and â€Å"any act of interpretation, or meaning-conferring activity is motivated, and†¦it is important for us to understand the motives behind our interpretations†(270). Bleich suggests that only way to figure out and determine these motivations behind our interpretations of texts is to â€Å"took our subjective responses to texts †¦where each reader’s response receives the same respect†(270). A sheer desire to self-understanding and self-knowledge is what motivates us as readers. We interpret in order to gain â€Å"some kind of knowledge which will resolve some difficulty†, or we do it to â€Å"explain something that was puzzling us†(270). Bleich goes further and says that â€Å"if a certain set or school of interpretation prevails; it is not because it is closer to an objective truth about art†(Newton, Twentieth-Century 234). If a community of students agreed upon certain interpretation to a given text, then â€Å"the standard truth†¦can only devolve upon the community of students†(234). So, when students come up with a consensus reading of a certain text, and agree unanimously upon its interpretation, then their subjective feeling and values are the same. Thus the literary text â€Å"must come under the control of subjectivity; either an individual’s subjectivity or the collective subjectivity of a group†(233). The group comes up with a consensus after discussing their personal responses with each other and negotiates ideas and individual responses. This idea of negotiation that Bleich introduces helps the group weighs and discusses each one’s own responses â€Å"in order to come to a group decision†(Berg 271). Then Bleich says that† critics and their audiences assume interpretive knowledge to be†¦as objective as formulaic knowledge†(Newton 232). The assumption of the objectivity of a text is almost â€Å"a game played by critics (232). Critics know the fallacy of the objectivity of a text, and believe in critical pluralism, namely; allowing multiple interpretations of the same work. Bleich does not ignore or deny the objectivity of the text or a work of literature. But text is an object that is different from other objects as it is a ‘symbolic’ object. A text is not just a group o words written in ink on a sheet of paper. It, unlike other objects, has no function in its material existence. For example, an apple is an object that its existence does not depend on whether someone eats it or sees it, however, a text’s or a book’s existence â€Å"does depend on whether someone writes it and reads it† (Newton 233). The work of literature is a response to the author’s life experience, and the interpretation of the reader the response to his reading experience. The reader’s subjective interpretation creates an understanding to the text. Through this transaction between the reader and the text, I think we can come across with an understanding of literature and of people as well. This artistic transaction helps to blur and dissolve the dividing line between the subjective and objective. It is idle as Bleich found â€Å"to imagine that we can avoid the entanglements of subjective reactions and motives†(Newton, Twentieth-Century 235). As our motive in our subjective interpretations is our desire to self-knowledge and self-understanding, then the study of ourselves and the study of the literary work are ultimately a single enterprise. Though Holland and Bleich are Individualist Reader Response critics, they have different views in particular issues. Norman Holland thinks that in order to understand a student’s or a reader’s interpretation of a text he should examine his psyche and uncover his ‘identity theme’. Bleich takes a different position. He is concerned with pedagogy rather that psychology, therefore he examines the ways in which meanings are constructed, and how a group of readers could negotiate interpretations. Holland suggests that the reader’s role is intermingling with that of the text. The reader re-creates the text influenced by his/her subjective responses and introjects his/her fantasies on the literary work. Through this transaction with the text we re-create our identities, and our identity themes provide individual differences in interpretations, and the result is a wide array of interpretations that allow us to explore many responses. Bleich denies Holland’s ‘identity theme’. He thinks that interpretations are not an outcome of our differing identity themes, but they are a result of our motives, feelings, and preoccupations. Holland’s Delphi seminar helped students or readers know their selves and discover that each one of them can bring a personal style (identity) to reading. So, the issue of self-discovery or self-knowledge is agreed upon by Holland and Bleich as well, however their ways of achieving it differ. Holland does not side with either the subjective or the objective split, yet he is looking for a vanishing point between them. In his Dynamics he used to consider the text as an objective reality, or a raw material. Yet the role of the reader combines that of the text in a transactional process of reading and interpretation. Thus there is no fundamental division between the roles of both the reader and the text, they dovetail with each other. For Bleich, the text is a ‘symbolic object’ that has no function in its material existence. The existence of text depends on whether someone writes it or reads it. So, the existence of the text and the existence of the reader is interdependent. Holland holds the same view when he says that the existence of a mother constitutes the existence of a child and vice versa, also the existence of selves constitutes the existence of objects. Thereby, the dividing line between the objective and subjective blurs and dissolves. This constitutes that we cannot ignore the entanglements of subjective reactions and motives to the objective text or to be accurate, the text which is a ‘symbolic’ object. Both critics agree on the idea of the transactional process of reading, whether by Holland’s identity themes which help reader interpret the text and understand himself, or by Bleich’s desire to self-knowledge that motivates reader to interpret the text and understand it. Both apply a transaction that leads to an understanding and interpretation of a text along with the reader’s own self. This aim of gaining knowledge and this study of ourselves and of art are ultimately a single enterprise. I think that Holland does not agree that there could be a consensus interpretation which is agreed upon by a group of readers. He thinks that each reader has his own personality or identity theme, and thereby interpretations will be multiple and diverse. While Bleich’s idea of ‘negotiation’ among readers can lead to a unanimous decision about the meaning of the literary work. The negotiation among readers enable them to express their personal feelings freely and depict their responses without the fear of being rejected. For instance, in David Bleich’s class, there is a democracy. Each reader’s response receives the same respect, and there is no underestimation of their idiosyncrasies. This helped them develop from the personal to the interpersonal and then to the social. While in Holland’s view, there can be no unanimous interpretation of a given work of art. For each reader is influenced by his/her identity theme. Also, â€Å"Holland’s subjects report their responses in terms of ‘the clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s of the various subcultures and cultural discourses work to constitute the consciousness of American college students’†¦. [Holland concludes that not] the individuality of his students but†¦the way their ‘individuality’ is in fact a’ product’ of their cultural situation†(Rabinowitz 86). In conclusion, â€Å"Holland and Bleich did not [in a way or another] negotiate a consensus; rather, by some irritated leap, Holland becomes convinced of what Bleich had to tell him†(Berg 271). Works Cited Abrams, M.H. â€Å"Reader-Response Criticism.† Glossary of Literary Terms. 6th Ed. New York: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1993. Berg, Temma F. â€Å"Psychologies of Reading.† Tracing Literary Theory. Ed. Joseph Natoli. Urbana and Chicago: Illinois UP, 1987. 248-274. Holland, Norman N. â€Å"Reader-Response already is Cognitive Criticism.† Bridging the Gap. 8 Apr. 1995. Stanford University. 26 Dec. 2007 . —, â€Å"The Story of a Psychoanalytic Critic.† An Intellectual. 26 Dec. 2007 . Laga, Barry. â€Å"Reading with an Eye on Reading: An Introduction to Reader-Response.† Reader Response. 1999. 23 Dec. 2007 . Newton, K. M. â€Å"Reader Response Criticism.† Interpreting the Text: A Critical Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Literary Interpretation. Great Britain: Billing and Sons, 1990. 141-153. —, ed. â€Å"Norman Holland: Reading and Identity: A Psychoanalytic Revolution.† Twentieth-Century Literary Theory. London: Macmillan, 1989. 204-209. —, â€Å"David Bleich: The Subjective Character of The Critical Interpretation.† Twentieth-Century Literary Theory. London: Macmillan, 1989. 231-235. Rabinowitz, Peter J. â€Å"Whirl without End: Audience-Oriented Criticism.† Contemporary Literary Theory. Ed. G. Douglas Atkins and Laura Morrow. USA: Macmillan UP, 1989. 81-85. Shaffer, Lawrence. â€Å"Psychoanalytic Criticism.† Literary Criticism. 1sted. New Delhi: IVY Publishing House, 2001. 44-48.