Theories and Principles Of Leadership And Management

Theories and Principles Of Leadership And Management Leadership is said to be a way of behaving that influence others to respond, not because they want to, but because they have to, it is seen as personal interactions between group of people which aim at improving personal interactions and focus on achieving a particular goals. Catalano (2006), define leadership as the ability of and individual to influence the behavior of others. A good leadership must possess some very important skills to be effective, this includes but not limited to critical thinking, problem solving, active listening, skillful communication, acknowledgment and respect for individual difference, establishment of clear goals and outcomes, and continue personal and professional development (Tappen 2001). While Management on the other can be define a problem oriented process with a focus on the activities needed to achieve a goal, it supply the structure, resources and direction for activities of the group. Management is aimed toward influencing employees to be as pro ductive as humanly possible Catalano (2005). There is always a relationship between leadership and management in nursing, Malby (1996) indicates that developing and fostering leadership competencies could direct nurse managers to think beyond tradition and to coordinate multidisciplinary dialogue which articulates the needs of the system and the patients whilst empowering employee. Leadership has been defined by different scholars and it has been group into theory for better understanding of its relationship to management, in this essay I will concentrate on the effect of different leadership and management theory and how it is related to nursing and healthcare system. Leadership theories Relationship-tasks orientation and Management theory Leadership and management Leadership Theory In authoritarian leadership style, the leaders maintain strong control over all aspects of the group and its activities, provide directions by giving others that the group are expected to carry out without questions (catalano 2006). This kind of leadership style should not be used in healthcare setting because of it negative influence on care giver, since healthcare is an interdisciplinary system in which group participation provide the best care for client and promote health. The mother of Nursing, Florence Nightingale has been said to use this style of leadership during her time. Her leadership and management style permeated nursing management for decades, and continued to dominate health care settings established and managed by the religious orders. Castigatory criticism, strong overt control, an I and you difference in status and a complete absence of individual consideration were the epitome of nursing management (Marquis Huston 2000, Widerquist 2000). And this was also support ed by Widerquist (2000) statement that whilst Nightingale may be considered a Great Woman of the Victorian era, the undercurrents of her theories, ideologies and management style have had deleterious consequences for subsequent nursing practice and nursing management. Carney (1999) asserts that whilst evidence suggests that this approach is still employed in some health care settings, the autocratic leadership style should only be utilized in crisis situations. In Democratic style theory (Supportive or Participating), all aspects of the process of achieving a goal, from planning and goal setting to implementing and taking credit for the success of the project, are shared by the group (Catalano 2006). This allows members participation and control because of its freedom of expression altitude toward achievement of goals. Murphy (2005) stated that Democratic leadership is supportive of group interaction and decision-making. Staff is motivated by economic or ego awards and supported by direction and guidance. Laissez- Faire leadership Style is also describe as permissive, non directive, or passive. The laissez-faire style leader allows the group he or she is leading to determine their own goals and the methods to achieve them. There is little planning, minimal decision making, and a lack of involvement by the leader (catalano 2006). The laissez-faire leader observes followers working from a distance and does not tend to intercede unless necessitated (Mullins 1994). Because of the leader little control and authority which can lead to variable efficiency and quality of output it is not commonly used in healthcare setting. Marquis and Huston (2000) caution that if this style of leadership is used inappropriately, it can precipitate apathy and disinterest in staff and a frenetic department. Transformational theory recognizes that multiple intangibles exist whenever people interact. Factors such as sense of meaning, creativity, Inspiration, and vision all are involved in creating a sense of mission that exceeds good interpersonal relationships and reward. In many healthcare facilities, nursing leaders are expected to inspire excitement and commitment in nurses, who often must provide care to very ill clients in less than ideal circumstances (catalon 2006). Transformational leaders strive to elevate the needs of their followers which are congruent with their own goals and objectives through charisma, intellectual stimulation and individual consideration (Bass et al.1987a). Leadership orientation and Management theory In High Relationship- Low Task Orientation the leaders are usually well liked by the groups because of their acceptance of the group members as individuals, consideration of their feelings, encouragement, and promotion of good feelings among all the group members (catalano 2006). This relationship focuses more on the employee to elicit the high production ,and was supported by Human Interaction theory (management theory) in which management were required to develop a different set of management skills, including understanding human behavior, effective counseling , increase motivation using effective leadership skills and maintaining productive communication (catalano 2006). In Nursing, this relationship helps to get the best out of the health care team thereby increasing the quality of care giving to patients. These theories was also supported by the Michigan studies on the leadership behavior(Cole 1999) in which it reported that supervisors of high producing groups tended to be empl oyee-oriented and exercised employee participation in decision making, thereby promoting team development and cohesiveness. High Task-Low Relationship describe a leader who does all the planning with little regard to the input or feelings of the group, gives order and expect them to be carried out without questions (Catalano 2006). This can be related to Time-Motion Theory (management theory), define as planning, organizing, commanding, and controlling the work of any particular group of employee (Catalannn2006). This can create a non productive environment if use in the health care setting because of it decrease in employee satisfaction. The Michigan studies (Cole 1999) conclude that the supervisors of low producing groups were task oriented and consequently were referred to as production-oriented leaders. These leaders focused more on the tasks than on the employee needs and tended to strictly monitor and control performance. Leadership and Management Leadership orientation and theory are used interchangeably, since environments and situations are constantly changing in healthcare settings. Factors such as member skills, the circumstances or problem at hand, the work environment are put into considerations. Fiedler (1967) identified the leaders power; the leader-follower relationship and the task to be accomplished as the key variables which determine the particular leadership style required to militate various problems in diverse situations. Hence, the applicability of Fiedlers (1967) leadership theory to contemporary nursing management is conceivable, as various approaches can be employed interchangeably to manage diverse situations. For example the authoritarian leadership is mostly used in emergency situations in which saving a life and obtaining maximum health is the highest goals of any group. And this is supported by Carney (1999), who asserts that whilst evidence suggests that this approach (authoritarian theory) is still employed in some health care settings, the autocratic leadership style should only be utilized in crisis situations. Catalano (2006) stated that a nurse manager on a hospital unit may use a highly democratic style in most of the routine activities of the unit, but when a client goes into cardiac arrest, she may revert to a highly authoritarian style while directing the staff through a code. Also in quality management, where the problems are often long term and complicated, the leader tends to be a nurse who is well organized and methodically sift through a mountain of information and statistics to develop a policy that covers the widest range of possibilities. It can be argue that to be an effective manager, it is apparent to have the quality and highly develop skills of a good leadership, especially in healthcare to achieve optimum health and increase productivity. Whilst one does not have to be a leader to manage and a manager to lead, researchers in the 1960s began to recognize how these skills can be intertwined and employed synonymously to realize organizational goals (Marquis Huston 2000). It could also be argued that unless managers are cognisance and competent in strategic planning development, which implicates on clinical practice, their efforts may be circumvented by more senior levels. In addition, to affect successful change management in a constantly changing environment, the nurse manager must be appropriately prepared to lead and manage the complexities and contingencies of this process (Dutton et al. 1997). Management and leadership skills complement each other, it can be learned and require practice and experience.

Raising a genderless baby: The Case of Storm Stocker Essay

Raising a family of three children is no easy feat to begin with, and the Stocker family of Toronto, Ontario has made one decision regarding their new baby that will hardly make it any easier. Mrs. Stocker gave birth to her third child on new years day of 2011, and accompanying the proud new parents e-mail to friends and families announcing the baby’s birth, was a rather controversial statement; â€Å"We’ve decided not to share Storm’s sex for now — a tribute to freedom and choice in place of limitation, a stand up to what the world could become in Storm’s lifetime (a more progressive place? †¦).† (CTV 1) Mr. & Mrs. Stocker had decided to raise their new baby boy or girl, with out the socially constructed pre-text of masculine or feminine gender traits, regardless of what the physical sex of the baby was. It is important to point this baby is neither a hermaphrodite nor born as a transsexual, but is completely anatomically healthy or â⠂¬Ëœnormal’ so to speak. The parents are simply keeping the sex of the baby secrete as to deprive society, and in the future its peers, teachers, coaches etc. of influencing it’s formation of gender and self. This highly controversial decision is however, fulfilling Freud’s notion of removing gender from the realm of biology, thus overcoming biological essentialism, and moving it into society, which he believed was the dominant force influencing how gender develops. In the modern era, however, the decision to keep baby Storms sex a secrete was met with significant controversy from American media, ABC news stating; â€Å"While child development experts applaud the family’s efforts to raise their child free of the constraints of gender stereotypes, they say the parents have embarked on a psychological experiment that could be potentially disastrous.† (ABC 1) while in Canada and internationally, especially in European countries such as Sweden and Finland where this is not unheard of, its been more readily accepted. Finnish people often choose specific diction to speak about themselves and others in a very neutral way which includes gender neutrality; â€Å"This rhetoric is based on a kind of moral code: it is highly valued to be seen and treated without particularities, without bodies, as a  person in your own right, without gender, without class, without ethnicity, without locality† (Lahelma 8) and in Sweden the government has actually updated the national Encyclopedia to account for the rising trend of parents raising their children genderless, adding the genderless pronoun â€Å"hen† to accompany the masculine â€Å"han† and feminine â€Å"hon†. And the trend isn’t just limited to linguistics. Recently â€Å"†¦the World Economic Forum declared Sweden the most gender-neutral country in the world, and gender neutrality is changing Swedish culture in profound ways. A children’s department store has dissolved its â€Å"girls† and â€Å"bo ys† sections†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Tietal 36). Freud would, however, have to agree with ABC news’ declaration that the results could be â€Å"potentially disastrous† as he viewed gender intringently linked to self-identity as well as sexual orientation. It is safe to assume Dr. Freud would view this decision to shelter the child as a psychological experiment destined to end in failure, resulting in a man or women not properly assimilated into society and bound for a miserable existence. However, as Sandra Harding said â€Å"What you see, what you find important, and how you understand the world depends on your ‘standpoint’† and as more recent feminist research has uncovered Freud’s beliefs in a binary set of man or woman is not necessarily true. Feminist Epistemology of society and science exposes how the commonly accept binary couple of male/female or masculine/feminine influences our conception of knowledge and how we come to conclusions, and even in American media it is quite pronounced the male/female roles have began to blend or at least have come to have changed since Freud’s time; â€Å"The stereotypes of boys were that they were self-sufficient, non-empathic, tough and good at war, and Girls were trained to be empathic and caring and more nurturing, are all falling apart. You even see tough football players bawling nowadays† (ABC 1). It would not necessarily be harmful for the baby to grow up in-between or with-out th e masculine/feminine binary because it is socially constructed anyway and growing up with-out it, or perhaps better put, on the outside of it, simply creates a new paradigm for baby Storm. Because men have held such a dominant role influencing research and education it has skewed history and research to man’s own advantage, resulting in a unidimensional view of gender and power almost always at the women’s expense  (Luecke 138). As Kimmel said in our textbooks, the phenomenon of biasing knowledge is always more pronounced when one group homogeneously controls political and ideological systems, which have up until very recent times been controlled strictly by males, giving them the conceptual power over gender, sexual orientation and almost every other field of research known to man. Though in recent decades much progress has been made on this issue, there is still much bias on part of male dominated research resisting the inclusion of minorities and feminist epistemology which needs to change in order for better research methods and more accurate out comes, especially from a constructionists approach to gender. As Sharlene Hesse-Biber put it; â€Å"If present science is distorted by the predominance of male perspectives, would not science become more objective by the deliberate inclusion of views from women, minorities etc.† The Social Constructionist Approach diverges from Freud’s belief in masculine/feminine binaries in that it acknowledges the contextual importance of gender and sexuality. The time, place, power and culture all play a part in defining what is considered masculine and what is feminine, concluding that gender and sexuality are not constants, but variables in a perpetual flux, resulting from the ebb and flow of societal norms and what social groups are in power influencing those norms. Storms identity as he grows up will certainty be influenced by his interactions with media, society and his parents but that influence will be minimized because of his immunity to the power of gender and sex stereotypes, living in, presumably, blissful ambiguity. And in many ways this gives him a certain power over us, or at least a power to change or blur the gender norms as he grows up; â€Å"It is impossible to explain gender without adequately understanding power – not because power is the consequence of gender difference. But rather because power is what produces those gender differences in the first place† (Kimmel 116). The case of Storm Stocker, while highly controversial, cannot be declined the notion of fascinating and perhaps highly influential on this centuries gender and sexual norms – thus society itself. This case as analyzed through intersectionality is perfect to highlight the many ways in which race, class, gender and sexuality all come to act as social forces on us as we develop in our given environment (Kennedy & Hellen 36). As we watch Storm  mature into whatever Storm aspires to be, Storm will be simultaneously turning back millennia of stereotypes, biases, roles and assumptions that have been entrenched in our global society. The potential for real social change stems from the point where other individuals who have been raised and socialized similarly to storm, organize and create social movements to further awareness and understanding of neo-gendered individuals (Madison & Shaw 435). In this way Storm and their contemporaries will show us how the binary concepts of man/women have been one of the most pervasive forces locking us within a certain realm of action and understanding dictated strictly by the reproductive organs we were born with. Who we love, how we love are all subject to change as â€Å"Our identities are a fluid assemblage of the meanings and behaviors that we construct from values, images and prescriptions we find in the world around us† (Kimmel 112). Works Cited â€Å"Baby raised without ‘gender’ sets off debate | CTV News .† CTV News | Top Stories – Breaking News – Top News Headlines. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Baby Storm Raised Genderless, or Without a Gender, a Dangerous Experiment, Say Child Development Experts – ABC News.† ABCNews.com – Breaking News, Latest News & Top Video News – ABC News. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Oct. 2012. . Biber, Sharlene Nagy. Handbook of feminist research: theory and praxis. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications, 2007. Print. Harding, Sandra. â€Å"Feminist Standpoints.† Handbook of feminist research: theory and praxis. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications, 2007. 46-64. Print. Kennedy, Natacha, and Mark Hellen. â€Å"Transgender children: more than a theoretical challenge.† Graduate Journal of Social Science 7 (2010): 25-42. Print. Kimmel, Michael S.. The gendered society. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Print. Lahelma, Elina. â€Å"Female Paths To Adulthood In A Country Of ‘Genderless Gender’.† Gender & Education 24.1 (2012): 1-13. Academic Search Complete. Web. Luecke, Julie. â€Å"Working with Transgender Children and Their Classmates in Pre-Adolescence: Just Be Supportive.†Journal of LGBT Youth 8.2 (2011): 116-156. Print. Maddison, Sarah, and Frances Shaw. â€Å"Feminist Perspectives on Social Movement Research.† Handbook of feminist research: theory and praxis. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications, 2007. 434-454. Print. Teitel, Emma. â€Å"Neither He Nor She.† Maclean’s 125.16 (2012): 36. Academic Search Complete. Web.

My mom is a wonderful woman

Have you ever had that one person that you have looked up to your whole life? Well i have, and that person is my mom. My mom is a wonderful woman. She puts up with my attitude and all of the annoying things i may put her through, and she is still there for me when i need her. My mom is someone that i love and that i can rely on if i need something. I know she will never let me down and that is why i can depend on her for anything. I can trust my mom and that is a problem i have with other people.I have never really been able to trust anybody. My mom has helped me a lot in life whether its figuring out how to do something, helping me achieve my goals, or telling me not to give up. I can ask my mom for advice and talk to her about anything. My mom is the main reason that i am doing sports in high school. I have always wanted to do sports but i have always been shy and scared to try new things. I didn't want to try out because i was afraid i wouldn't make the team. She encouraged me to try and and i made the team thanks to her.I can talk to my mom about anything. My mom was there for me when i switched schools and i didn't know anybody. I would talk to her and she would tell me just be your self and don't let anybody change you. She is someone i constantly go to when i have no one to talk to. We might play around a lot but I know when she is joking and i know when she is being serious with me. My mom is the best person in the world. My mom has always believed in me. She told me to always try my best.She told me that even if i feel like I'm going to fail to always try me hardest because i never know what could happen. She also told me to never give up. She told me that before i started doing sports that as long as i try my hardest she will supply me with everything i need to succeed. My mom has helped me make a lot of decisions. She helped me figure out that i wanted to join a sport, she helped me decide if i wanted to do an honors class or not, and she talked to m e about joining and advanced placement class.My mom is the main reason i am the person i have grown up to be. If she wasn't her for me i would have probably been a totally different person. Even though i get on my moms nerves all the time she still puts up with me and she still loves me. There is a couple of times were we have argued with each other, but we easily get over that. I look up to my mom and i hope that when I'm a mom my kids will look up to me like i look up to my mom.

The importance of data and related management issues - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1732 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Abstract In this module we will discuss the importance of data and the management issues that relate to it, and its life cycle. We will also focus on document management system, discuss the details of data warehousing, data mining, analytical processing and knowledge management. We will also discuss about transaction and analytic processing systems. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The importance of data and related management issues" essay for you Create order We will also learn the effects of data improvement on the businesses. This module also helps to develop an understanding of the complexity of organizational networks and the advantage of communication and collaboration to gain the competitive advantage for the organization. We will also emphasize on the limitation and issues in managing information resources and also learn about different aspect of information security. We will also learn the concepts of disaster recovery and security measures. Module 1 Deliverables Assignments: Essay Questions Essay Question 1 What is a document management system (DMS)? List some ways a DMS can help a business become more efficient and productive. Explain in scholarly detail. Document management system is the automated control of imaged and electronic documents, page images, spreadsheets, and voice and e-mail messages, word processing documents and other documents through their life cycle within an organization, from initial creation to finally archiving or destruction. Document management system consists of hardware and software that manage and archive electronic documents and also convert paper documents into electronic documents and then index and store them according to company policy. All DMSs have the capabilities so they can be identified and accessed like data in a database. These systems range from the ones designed support a small workgroup to fully web enabled enterprise systems. A DMS can help a business to become more efficient and productive by Enabling the c ompany to access and use the content contained in the documents Cutting labor costs by automating business processes Reducing the time and effort required to locate information the business needs to support decision making Improving the security of the content, thereby reducing the risk of intellectual property theft Minimizing the costs associated with printing, storage and searching for content The major document management tools are workflow software, scanners and databases. When workflows are digital, productivity of the organization increases and the cost decreases. This makes green computing possible. The document management system makes it possible for the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s all source of knowledge to be together and at one place including relevant email communication, scanned paper documents anything which can be stored as a file. The DMS starts from the time when any content the people inside organization creates. It should be easily accessible to eve ryone with proper authentication. Essay Question 2 Discuss in scholarly detail how consolidating data marts into an enterprise data warehouse (EDW) help a company to meet its compliance requirements and a going green initiative. A company should start with data marts to minimize the investment or risk of a failure of a large information system and later should consolidate them into an enterprise wide data warehouse. Now by consolidating data marts into a data warehouse helps drive better business decisions as well as save money. There are two other business benefits which can be achieved are compliance and going green. Compliance à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Storing integrated data in an enterprise data warehouse makes it easier for the company to control which people can access and use sensitive financial data. In addition, an EDW can help a company to meet regulatory compliance requirements by providing increased accuracy in reporting financial results, data security, encrypt ion of sensitive data, and disaster recovery planning. This provides a single, unified platform for data access, data cleansing, data analytics which is secure, reliable and highly scalable. Going green à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" There is a big impact to the environment if we have to maintain separate data marts. By consolidating power-hungry servers which are often underutilized reduces both electricity consumption and the amount of heat produced, which in turn reduces the amount of energy required for cooling the equipment. One of the benefits touted by green computing by hardware appliance vendors is to realize the leverage achieved by reducing server sizes. It is very important for an application like a data warehouse that has the potential to consume enormous resources. So by using the data warehouse they can be clubbed into a cluster thus by reducing the power consumption and cost. Essay Question 3 Discuss in scholarly detail why companies use portals and also list and bri efly define three types of portals as part of the response. A portal is basically a web based gateway to files, information and knowledge on a network. Portals can include discussion boards, document sharing and workspaces. Users can upload presentations or share documents with peers. There are mainly four types of portals out of which we will cover three of them. Corporate Portals à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" These are private gateways to corporate web sites that enable communication, collaboration and access to company information. The corporate portal is the point of access through a web browser to critical business information located inside and outside of an organization. Companies deploy portals to support strategic business initiatives and use them as a tactical tool for managing enterprise applications. Commercial Portal à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" A nice example of this type of portal is about.com or google directory or yahoo directory. They are commonly used as gateways to genera l information over the internet. Publishing Portals à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" These are intended for communities with specific interests. These portals involve relatively little customization of content, but they provide extensive online search in a specific area and some interactive capabilities. Examples are zdnet.com and techweb.com. Vertical Portals à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" These portals target specific markets. It usually offers industry news, event calendars, links related to sites and lists of vendors and businesses that offer products and services. Essay Question 4 Discuss in scholarly detail concepts behind business continuity and disaster recovery (BC/DR) and describe characteristics of these BC/DR plans. In IT business disaster can happen without warning. So business continuity plan is an important element in any security system. Such plan defines the method by which all the businesses can recover from a major disaster. Destruction of all of the computing facilities can cause significant damage. Therefore it becomes very difficult for many companies to obtain insurance coverage for their computers and in house information systems without having a satisfactory disaster prevention and proper recovery plan. Disaster recovery can be defines as the series of defined events connecting the business continuity plan for protection and for recovery. The following are some key thoughts about the process The purpose for a business continuity plan is to have a business to run actively after a possible disaster. Each components in the business should have a proper and documented recovery capability plan. Recovery planning is a part of asset protection in an organization. Every organization should define managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s responsibility to correctly identify and protect assets. Planning should focus primarily on the recovery from a total loss in case of an incident of all capabilities. Proof of capability usually involves some kind of what-if analysis that shows that the recovery plan is current. All critical applications must be identified and their recovery procedures are addressed in the plan. The plan should be written so that it will be effective in case of disaster, not just to satisfy auditors The plan should be kept in a safe place. The plan should be audited regularly. Disaster recovery planning can be very complex and it usually takes several months to complete. Some organizations use special software to plan the details. Essay Question 5 Discuss in scholarly detail methods of attack against computing facilities and provide descriptive examples of these attacks. There are different methods of attack against computing. And there are chances that every day we came to know about a new one. On high level we can categorize them mainly into two groups i.e. data tampering and programming attacks. Data programming is a common means of attack that is overshadowed by other types of attacks. I t refers to an attack when someone enters false, fabricated or fraudulent data into a computer, or changes or deletes existing data. Data tampering is extremely serious because it may not be detected. This is the method often used by insiders and fraudsters. Programming attacks are popular with computer criminals who use programming techniques to modify computer programs installed in the computer. For these types of crimes, programming skill and knowledge of the targeted systems are needed. Examples of programming attacks are viruses, worms and Trojan horses. Malware can be used to launch denial of service (DoS) attacks. Malware à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" It is any unwanted software that exploits flaws in other software to gain illicit access. Now a days malware attacks are more organized, it is designed to steal data and resources from the computers of victim for profit. Recently in 2014 Microsoft has confirmed reports an active attack that suspiciously installed malware on computers ru nning a fully patched version of IE10. Virus à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Virus is a very common method of attack. This is basically a piece of computer code. It receives its name from the programà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ability to attach itself to and infect the computer programs installed, without the knowledge of the owner of the program. When someone uses the affected software is used, the virus infection spreads, causing damage to that program. Worm Unlike a virus, a worm spreads without any human intervention, such as checking email or transmitting files. Worms use networks to propagate and infect anything attached to them. Worms can spread through a network can clog and degrade a networkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s performance through network. In February 2014, Johannes B. Ulrich, CTO of the Sans Institute, informed that a malicious worm has been able to infect around 1,000 Linksys routers ranging models from E1000, E1200, and E2400 routers. These are some of the incidents which gets register ed and accepted, in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s world there are a lot of attacks which goes unnoticed.. Trojan horse à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" These are referred to as backdoors because they give the attacker the illegal access through a network port. A network port is generally a physical interface for communication between a computer and devices on a network. References Barlow, R. D., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Sync or Swimà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Healthcare Purchase News, April 2007 Forrester, Business Data Services, Q1 2007 Turban, E., Volonino, L. (2010). Information Technology for Management: Improving Performance in the Digital Economy (7th ed.). John Wiley Sons. (ISBN: 9780470287484) Werbach, K., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Using VoIP to computeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Harvard Business Review, September 2005