Why Google s Digital Library Project Is A Violation Of...

A co-operation about digitizing the books in libraries was announced by Google and several major libraries on December 14, 2004. In this project, all the books in these libraries will be sent to Google for scanning and making digital copies, then they will entered into the Google search engine. At last, all the library books will be returned to libraries unharmed. Allowing all Google’ s users search the full text the these books by using Google search engine, which is the purpose of this project, can huge increase the assessment to the works open to public (Hanratty, 2004:1). This article will analyze why Google’ s Digital Library Project is a violation of international copyright law and discuss the practical implications for legislature†¦show more content†¦These rules require rigidly the users of fair use can not unjustly earn money by using these works, then the nature of the copyrighted work that can not do harm to the copyrightholder, at the same time the use which can decrease the value of the works in future market is also prohibited (Prasad and Agarwala, 2008:253). Consequently, the key point of determining whether Google’s project constitute infringement is a full fair use analysis. A.Purpose and character of the use The first factor examines the purpose and character of the use. Whether the use was â€Å"of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purpose.† (U.S.C 107, 2000 cited in Hanratty, 2005:16). should be determined. First of all, Google is a ‘for-profit’ company, Prasad and Agarwala argued that although Google can not received money from books directly, it still can make profit by the advertising space which Google sell on its digital library web page (2008:258). Moreover, Google can improve its value of service by this project, which increase the value and the reputation of Google, which is might not intentional. Google may can distribute the sales revenue to the copyright holders or the libraries to create a â€Å"win-win† situation, but this action is still out of the area of â€Å"fair

Why Overpopulation Is A Major Issue - 1653 Words

Everyone knows that overpopulation is a major issue; an issue is only going to increase over the next few decades. Every person should have a general understanding of this problem because it is going to affect everyone on the planet if it has not done so already. Many countries on our planet now are already overpopulated. In many third world countries, parents do not have enough money to feed themselves, let alone food for their own children. It is estimated that over one billion people wake up every day and do not have enough food or safe drinking water. In addition, according to many scientists, we are supposed to exceed 14 billion people by 2100 and nine billion by the year 2048. Even though we will most likely all be passed on, imagine a world with seven billion more people. How will people be able to have jobs and support their families? What is our world’s carrying capacity? Before we can try to answer that, we need to understand what carrying capacity is, according to the Merriam-Webster: Dictionary it is the maximum number of individuals of a species that can exist in a habitat indefinitely without threatening other species in that habitat (â€Å"Carrying Capacity†). Some might try to say that technically, by that definition we have already reached out carrying capacity in some parts of the world. We might not truly know the carrying capacity of the Earth is until we reach that limit. That is a scary question to think about, but hopefully by then we will have found otherShow MoreRelatedOverpopulation Is An Issue Of Overpopulation930 Words   |  4 PagesOverpopulation is an issue that many in the world may never face, however, the ones that do experience this issue know the struggles that it can pose to the overall quality of life. There are multiple reasons on why overpopulation is an issue and why it can affect quality of life, but ones that have a major impact on the world is the shortage of food, overconsumption of fossil fuels, and decline in health care. These specific issues were selected because of the widespread availability of informationRead MoreThe Overpopulation Of Humans And Animals857 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many articles and newspapers about how bad the world is becoming overpopulated. The overpopulation of humans and animals is a constant threat to people way of life on earth. Monbiot states, â€Å"The growth in human numbers, they say, is our foremost environmental threat† (Monbiot 1). Suggestions for extending women’s reproductive choices should be made, and the world population would drop dramatically because of this. George states, â€Å"If this need were answered, the impact of population growthRead MoreOverpopulation : We Must Figure It Out For Save The World Essay1645 Words   |  7 Pages Overpopulation: We Must Figure It Out to Save the World It may not be something you think about often, but human population growth is a big issue in our world today and this problem needs to be solved in the future to save our planet. Overpopulation is a condition that will be in effect if the population exceeds the carrying capacity on Earth. The carrying capacity is the peak population that can sustain human life on Earth. It is uncertain what Earth’s carrying capacity is for the human raceRead MoreOverpopulation Is a Growing Problem Essay1424 Words   |  6 PagesOverpopulation is a growing problem all over the world. This is a very important environmental issue and needs to be dealt with. 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PollutionRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Overpopulation1122 Words   |  5 PagesHuman overpopulation is mostly the most urgent environmental issues, the forces behind global warming , environmental pollution, habitat loss, the sixth mass extinction, intensive farming practices and the consumption of finite natural resources, such as fresh water, land and fossil fuels, at speeds faster than their rate of regeneration. however, ecological issues are just the beginning . Overpopulation is the state where the human population rises to an extent completing the carrying size of theRead MorePersuasive Essay on Overpopulation910 Words   |  4 Pagesthose thoughts several times and believe that overpopulation is one of the biggest problems in the world today. Overpopulation has become a major crisis in the twenty-first century and its detrimental affect on our living standards, environment, and much needed resources. 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Or would you rather not take the opportunity and struggle throughout the rest of your life, this will happen by world overpopulation. In the past, Overpopulation started out from the baby boom which increased the birthrate, and according to Ewan Mcleish the author of â€Å"Overcrowded World, (16)† he stated that it made 40% of the national population. Today, overpopulation is aRead MoreWhat Causes The Causes Poverty? Essay1164 Words   |  5 PagesEssay1 What Causes Poverty? Everybody is wondering why people are suffering from this kind of global issue? It is a severe case that takes over the world and kills the victims whom suffer from it. We should first know that this situation can be enhanced during the time. Undoubtedly it is poverty which is a state of being extremely poor. Subsequently, it is one of the most unsolved issues today. It leads into a bad condition. So, there are three major points that causes this situation. First, the lack

Pinnacle Foods Ipo Free Essays

Pinnacle Foods Inc. : Initial Public Offering MACKK Consulting Group BSAD 444. 20 April 1st, 2013 Company History Pinnacle Foods Group is a food packaging company specializing in shelf stable and frozen food categories. We will write a custom essay sample on Pinnacle Foods Ipo or any similar topic only for you Order Now The company was formed in 1998 as Vlasic Foods International, acquiring several food-manufacturing brands such as Swanson TV dinners and Open Pit from the Campbell Soup Company. Pinnacle’s portfolio of iconic brands dates back in existence to the 1800s. The earliest brand owned by Pinnacle Foods, Armour Star, has existed since 1867 when Philip Armour founded it as Armour and Company. Armour was the first company to produce canned meat and was once Chicago’s most important business, helping to make the city and its stockyards the center of the American meatpacking industry. Throughout the late 1800s and 1900s, iconic brands such as Duncan Hines, Log Cabin, Aunt Jemima and Hungry Man were introduced and now are a part of the Pinnacle Foods name. Pinnacle Foods acquired Aurora Foods in 2003 when the company’s health was in jeopardy due to lawsuits in 2001. Ian Wilson, a former executive with Coco-Cola, founded Aurora Foods in 1995 using the company to purchase Van de Kamp Seafood from Pillsbury along with several other brands. As a result of major lawsuits in 2001, Wilson and other Aurora executives plead guilty to securities fraud for misrepresentation of the company’s financial statements. Jim Smith replaced Wilson as CEO of Aurora Foods until 2002, at which time motions were set in place that lead to Pinnacle’s acquisition of Aurora. Pinnacle closed Aurora’s Missouri offices and moved them to Cherry Hill, New Jersey where the currently remain. In 2007 The Blackstone Group, a New York City private equity firm, bought Pinnacle Foods for $2. 16 billion (G. S. , 2007). Since then, Pinnacle Foods has acquired Birds Eye Foods, Inc. , adding a mix of frozen and specialty brands to its already iconic portfolio. Industry Overview * Ashley Company Overview Today Fortune Magazine ranks Pinnacle in the Top 1,000 Companies with over 4,000 employees. Pinnacle’s products can be found in more than 85% of American households and are leaders in their respective categories, holding the first or second market share position in 10 of the 12 of the categories in which they compete. Pinnacle currently focuses on growing their â€Å"leadership brands† while reinvigorating their â€Å"foundation brands†. Their leadership brands are those with the most potential for growth and innovation. These include brands such as Vlasic, Duncan Hines, and Ms. Butter-Worth’s. Pinnacle prides themselves on debuting category breakthroughs with these brands. These leading brands are used prominently in marketing campaigns that celebrate their robust vitality. Pinnacle’s foundation brands are those that have a strong and recognizable reputation in most households. Families already know and love these brands such as Aunt Jemima Frozen Breakfast, Open Pit, and Hungry-Man. Pinnacle strives to raise the bar with these familiar foods through new flavours and health benefits. Pinnacle must be innovative with these familiar brands to ensure they remain as popular as they currently are. Financial Overview Financially, Pinnacle has experienced minimal growth over the last year. Net sales increased marginally from $2. 47 billion in 2011 to $2. 48 billion in 2012 and in North America specifically, net sales grew a meager 1% from $2. 07 to $2. 08 billion. EBIT was $284 million in 2012, after giving effect to $66 million in pre-tax charges related to restructuring and refinancing. This restructuring also impacted net earnings, as Pinnacle had to pay $51 million in after-tax charges and was left with $53 million in net earnings. Despite these charges, this net income shows a strong recovery from 2011 when the company suffered a net loss of $47 million. Total capital expenditures were $78 million in 2012, down from $117 million in 2011. These expenditures include footprint consolidation. A summary of these figures can be seen below in Exhibit 1. Exhibit 1: Pinnacle Financial Statements It can be seen in Exhibit 1 that Pinnacle has a substantial amount of acquisition, merger and other restructuring charges. These charges are primarily related to Pinnacle closing facilities in Washington, New York, Wisconsin, and Delaware. A complete breakdown of these expenditures has been included in exhibit 2. Exhibit 2: Acquisition, merger, and other restructuring charges One of the problems that Pinnacle currently faces is their large amount of debt. They have roughly $550 million of a term loan that is due in 2014. This resulted in Pinnacle entering the market with a $300 million incremental term loan last year, dubbed F, with proceeds to be used to help repay the $550 million. Pinnacle has an additional $400 million E term loan that was syndicated earlier in 2012. This loan matures in October 2018 and is covered by a 101 soft call premium until April 17, 2013. Proceeds from that deal were used to issue $199 million in 10. 625% subordinated notes due in 2017. Altogether Pinnacle has about $641 million outstanding under the extended term loan due in 2016 (Bisbey, 2012). This is one of the primary reasons for Pinnacle’s IPO, as will be discussed later in the report. The balance sheet below summarizes Pinnacle’s debt obligations as well as their assets and equity. Exhibit 3: Pinnacle’s Balance Sheet for 2011 and 2012 After performing a two-finger analysis of this balance sheet it can be concluded that Pinnacle has not made any drastic changes over the past two years. Assets have decreased slightly but that was coupled with a decrease in liabilities by roughly the same amount which is reasonable. Exhibit 4 is a portion of Pinnacle’s cash flow statement that helps explain these changes in the balance sheet. Pinnacle’s cash flows from financing increased 212% between 2011 and 2012, the vast majority of this expenditure being the repayment of debt. By making a number of loan repayments, Pinnacle decreased their cash and therefore their assets, while also reducing their liabilities. Exhibit 4: Cash Flows from Financing Activities Ratio| 2012| 2011| Return on Equity| 5. 9%| -5. 54%| Return on Assets| 1. 19%| -1. 05%| Return on Sales| 11. 46%| 7. 4%| Current Ratio| 2. 11| 2. 17| Quick Ratio| 1. 04| 1. 17| Debt-to-Equity Ratio| 3. 95| 4. 26| | | | Exhibit 5: 2012 Ratio Analysis of Pinnacle Group Inc. These ratios †¦ IPO The food-industry sector is changing due to increased globalization, vertical integration, and mergers and acquisitions. This is forcing many firms to look to alternatives to debt financing in order to keep up with the competition. The public equity market is a valuable option in financing the growth necessary to survive amongst competitors, as it offers access to more equity capital than could be attained from other sources (Stegelin Houston, 2007). With millions of dollars in debt obligations coming up due in the next few years, it is understandable that Pinnacle is having an Initial Public Offering to raise capital. This follows suit with research that has shown that as a food-industry firm’s leverage ratio increases, the likelihood of an IPO increases as well (Stegelin Houston, 2007). It has also been noted that the probability of a food-industry firm IPO decreases with the firm’s size and age (Stegelin Houston, 2007). Pinnacle is currently 15 years old which is incredibly â€Å"young† compared to industry leaders Kraft and Kellogg which are both over 100 years old. This could be a contributing factor to why they are wanting to go public. This IPO will follow 13 other offerings in 2013 backed by financial sponsors such as private-equity firms. These 13 other offerings can be used to loosely predict the success of Pinnacle’s IPO, as Pinnacle is backed by private-equity firm Blackstone. These IPOs were successful, seeing an average first-day gain of 22% and are up an average of 21% from their listing dates. These results are promising in comparison to 30 other IPOs at large, showing an average 15% first-day gain and a gain of 19% from the listing dates (Driscoll, M. 2013). Another important benchmark is the IPOs of other food sellers. There were mixed results regarding the success of food seller IPOs in 2012. The health food sector showed strength with natural food companies Annie’s Inc. , Natural Grocers by Vitamin Cottage Inc. , and WhiteWave Foods Co. performing well since their IPOs. Annie’s shares have more than doubled s ince being listed last March while the value of Natural Grocers has risen over 40% since their listing in July (Driscoll, M. , 2013). On the other hand, Roundy’s Inc. and Amira Nature Foods Ltd. have underperformed since their IPOs. Roundy’s is a Midwestern supermarket chain and Amira is a rice seller, both of which are down about 20% from their offerings in October and February respectively (Driscoll, M. , 2013). Since Pinnacle offers processed, packaged foods, benchmarking their success from the natural, organic food IPOs is not very reliable. With people becoming more and more health conscious these days, it is not surprising that these health food companies found success in their IPOs. Although Pinnacle does carry the frozen vegetable brand Birdseye, they also carry a number of brands that would not be classified as healthy. Of the aforementioned companies, the most reliable comparison for Pinnacle would likely be with Roundy’s, the supermarket chain. Supermarkets sell a wide variety of processed and pre-packaged foods, and are the medium through which Pinnacle’s brands are sold. However, there is still not a strong correlation between the two firms. On March 27th, 2013, Pinnacle announced their Initial Public Offering of 29,000,000 shares of common stock at $20 per share. Pinnacle also granted the underwriters a 30-day option to purchase an additional 4,350,000 shares at the IPO price. It is estimated that Pinnacle will raise net proceeds of about $545. 2 million after subtracting underwriting costs. Pinnacle plans to use the entirety of these earnings to pay off some of their debt. They plan to redeem $465 million in aggregate principal amount of 9. 25% Senior Notes due in 2015 at a redemption price of 100%. The remainder of their IPO proceeds, along with some cash on hand, will be used to repay $119 million of the senior secured term loan B facility maturing in April 2014. IPO Success Pinnacle Foods had a very successful IPO on March 28, 2013. The company issued a total of 33,350,000 shares of common stock, including the entirety of the additional 4,350,000 shares that the underwriters had the option to purchase. Pinnacle now has a total of 117. 2 million common shares outstanding. Net of all underwriting discounts, Pinnacle raised $627 million through this offering, which is $81. 8 million more than they had initially anticipated. Pinnacle will couple this money with $40 million of cash on hand to pay down $667 million in outstanding debt. Instead of their initial plans of repaying $119 million of their term loan B due next April, they will repay $202 million. Exhibit 6: Pinnacle Foods’ Stock Performance Since IPO as Compared to SP 500 As can be seen in Exhibit 6, Pinnacle shares (blue line) seem to be experiencing steady growth since their IPO on March 28, 2013. This is especially positive since the SP 500 (brown line) seems to be doing quite the opposite. Pinnacle shares have increased from their low of $22. 15 to a high of $24. 61, an 11% increase. References Driscoll, M. (2013, Mar 25). Pinnacle is hoping investors feel hungry. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/1319182111? accountid=13803 G. , S. S. (2007). Black stone Chows Down On Pinnacle Foods Group. (cover story). High Yield Report, 18(7), 1-15. Stegelin, F. , Houston, J. (2007). Factors Influencing the Initial Public Offering (IPO) Decision of Food Distribution Firms. Journal Of Food Distribution Research, 38(1), 215-216. Stratton, K. (2012). Pinnacle Foods Group Gets 55,000SF Update in Parsippany. National Real Estate Investor Exclusive Insight, 8. Bisbey, A. (2012). Pinnacle Foods Shopping $300M Incremental TL. High Yield Report, 23(34), 28. PRNewswire (2013, Apr 3). Pinnacle Foods Inc. Announces Successful Closing of its Initial Public Offering. ttp://investors. pinnaclefoods. com/phoenix. zhtml? c=223400p=irol-newsArticleID=1803206highlight= PRNewswire (2013, Mar 6). Pinnacle Foods Finance LLC Reports Fourth Quarter Fiscal 2012 Results. http://investors. pinnaclefoods. com/phoenix. zhtml? c=223400p=irol-newsArticleID=1795035highlight= Business Wire (2013, Mar 27). Pinnacle Foods Inc. Announces Pricing of its Initial Public Of fering. http://investors. pinnaclefoods. com/phoenix. zhtml? c=223400p=irol-newsArticleID=1801326highlight= http://www. rttnews. com/2088372/pinnacle-foods-raises-net-proceeds-of-627-mln-i How to cite Pinnacle Foods Ipo, Essays

Respiratory System Mechanics Worksheet Essay Example For Students

Respiratory System Mechanics Worksheet Essay Exercise 7: Respiratory System Mechanics Worksheet Assignment Due: Week 7 Student instructions: Follow the step-by-step instructions for this exercise found in your text and record your answers in the spaces below. Submit this completed document by the assignment due date found in the Syllabus. Please make sure that your answers are typed in RED. Respiratory Volumes Activity 2: Measuring Normal Respiratory Volumes 1. Minute respiratory volume: 7,500 ml 2. Judging from the trace you generated, inspiration took place over how many seconds? 2 seconds 3. Expiration took place over how many seconds? seconds 4. Does the duration of inspiration or expiration vary during ERV or FVC? Yes Activity 3: Effect of Restricted Air Flow on Respiratory Volumes 1. How does this set of data compare to the data you recorded for Activity 2? The MRV is 3075 and the breathing is not as strong. 2. Is the respiratory system functioning better or worse than it did in the previous activity? It is worse. Explain why. The breathing is more shallow and incomplete. The lungs are not able to inhale or exhale as much as in Activity 2 3. What is the effect of reducing the radius of the air flow tube on respiratory volumes? We will write a custom essay on Respiratory System Mechanics Worksheet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The air flow was decreasing, which decreased the respiratory volume. 4. What does the air flow tube simulate in the human body? The trachea 5. What could be some possible causes of reduction in air flow to the lungs? An allergic reaction could cause the trachea to swell which would restrict air flow or an obstruction could block some or the entire trachea causing the air flow to decrease as well. Factors Affecting Respiration Activity 4: Effect of Surfactant on Respiratory Volumes 1. When surfactant is added, what happens to the tidal volume? It increases the amount of air being inhaled 2. As a result of the tidal volume change, what happens to the flow into each lung and total air flow? The air flow increases into the lungs and the total air flow increases 3. Why does this happen? Surfactant allows the wet surface of the alveoli to expand and not stick together. Activity 5: Effect of Thoracic Cavity Puncture 1. What happened to the left lung when you clicked on the valve button? It collapsed and lost the ability to fill with air 2. Why? Because it is no longer has one way in and one way out. The opened valve does not allow air to enter and stay in the lung to become oxygenated. . What has happened to the â€Å"Total Flow† rate? It decreased 4. What is the pressure in the left lung? 0 5. Has the pressure in the right lung been affected? No 6. If there was nothing separating the left lung from the right lung, what would have happened when you opened the valve for the left lung? It would also collapse Why? There would be nothing separating them so they would act a s one lung. If the valve opened, it would have the same affect on both as what happened to the left lung when the valve was opened. 7. Now click the valve for the left lung again, closing it. What happens? It stays collapsed. Why? The lungs valve was only closed, but the lung itself was not repaired. 8. Describe the relationship required between intrathoracic pressure and atmospheric pressure in order to draw air into the lungs. The intrathoracic pressure has to be the opposite of the atmospheric pressure in order to cause the air to be pulled into the lungs. 9. Design your own experiment for testing the effect of opening the valve of the right lung. Was there any difference from the effect of opening the valve of the left lung? No Variations in Breathing Activity 6: Rapid Breathing . What happens to the PCO2 level during rapid breathing? It decreased 2. Why? The breathing became quick and very shallow so the amount of oxygen being inhaled was less. Activity 7: Rebreathing 1. What happens to the PCO2 level during rebreathing? 2. Why? The breathing became deeper and more oxygen was inhaled with each breath. 3. Did the total flow change? Yes it increased 4. Why? More oxygen was being tak en in with each breath 5. How does the rebreathing trace compare to your baseline trace? The inhales and exhales become deeper and the get deeper with each breath 6. Why? .ue48f3e068d9b21ffb7e334a28c91ba45 , .ue48f3e068d9b21ffb7e334a28c91ba45 .postImageUrl , .ue48f3e068d9b21ffb7e334a28c91ba45 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue48f3e068d9b21ffb7e334a28c91ba45 , .ue48f3e068d9b21ffb7e334a28c91ba45:hover , .ue48f3e068d9b21ffb7e334a28c91ba45:visited , .ue48f3e068d9b21ffb7e334a28c91ba45:active { border:0!important; } .ue48f3e068d9b21ffb7e334a28c91ba45 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue48f3e068d9b21ffb7e334a28c91ba45 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue48f3e068d9b21ffb7e334a28c91ba45:active , .ue48f3e068d9b21ffb7e334a28c91ba45:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue48f3e068d9b21ffb7e334a28c91ba45 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue48f3e068d9b21ffb7e334a28c91ba45 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue48f3e068d9b21ffb7e334a28c91ba45 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue48f3e068d9b21ffb7e334a28c91ba45 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue48f3e068d9b21ffb7e334a28c91ba45:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue48f3e068d9b21ffb7e334a28c91ba45 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue48f3e068d9b21ffb7e334a28c91ba45 .ue48f3e068d9b21ffb7e334a28c91ba45-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue48f3e068d9b21ffb7e334a28c91ba45:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Henrik Ibsen Essay ThesisRebreathing happens to try and reoxygenate the body to a normal level and to bring the heart beat back to a normal level. Activity 8: Breath Holding 1. What happens to the PCO2 level during breath holding? It increases 2. Why? All the oxygen from the breath is being held in and nothing is being expelled. 3. What change was seen when you returned to â€Å"Normal Breathing†? The breathing resembled rebreathing and the PCO2 level increased even more. Activity 9: Comparative Spirometry Normal Breathing: What do you think is the clinical importance of the FVC and FEV1 values? It measures the strength and health of the lungs 1. Why do you think the ratio of these two values is important to the clinician when diagnosing respiratory diseases? To see if a person is equal in the FVC and FEV1, depending on this could give a better insight on determining the problem. Emphysema Breathing: 2. Is the FVC reduced or increased? Decreased 3. Is the FEV1 reduced or increased? Decreased 4. Which of these two changed more? FEV1 5. Explain the physiological reasons for the lung volumes and capacities that changed in the spirogram for this condition. The amount of air being pulled into the lungs was decreased and the amount of air the lungs could hold was decreased. Acute Asthma Attack Breathing: 6. Is the FVC reduced or increased? Increased 7. Is the FEV1 reduced or increased? Decreased 8. Which of these two changed more? FVC 9. Explain the physiological reasons for the lung volumes and capacities that changed in the spirogram for this condition. The air flow is being blocked so the volume of air going into the lungs is a lot less. 10. How is this condition similar to having emphysema? Both conditions restrict the airway. How is it different? In asthma, the windpipes gets blocked my mucus, in emphysema, the alveoli in the lungs get clogged by mucus. 11. Emphysema and asthma are called obstructive lung diseases as they limit expiratory flow and volume. How would a spirogram look for someone with a restrictive lung disease, such as pulmonary fibrosis? It would look similar as the volume of the lungs would decrease but the breaths would not be quick, only shallow. 12. What volumes and capacities would change in this case, and would these values be increased or decreased? FVC,FEV,TLC, IRV would decrease, IRV increase 13. In an acute asthma attack, the compliance of the lung is decreased, not increased as it was for emphysema, and air flows freely through the bronchioles. Therefore, will the FEV1/FVC percentage be less than normal, equal to normal, or higher than normal? Less than normal Acute Asthma Attack Breathing with Inhaler Medication Applied: 14. Has the FVC reduced or increased? Is it â€Å"normal? Increased 15. Has the FEV1 reduced or increased? Is it â€Å"normal†? Increased 16. Which of these two changed more? FEV1 17. Explain the physiological reasons for the lung volumes and capacities that changed in the spirogram with the application of the medication. The medication allows the airways to open up more so that more oxygen can enter the lungs and the amount of oxygen the lungs can hold also increases.

Personal Selling and Sales Management Essay Example

Personal Selling and Sales Management Essay Global Perspective INTERNATIONAL ASSIGNMENTS ARE GLAMOROUS, RIGHT? Some challenges associated with an international assignment include job security, readjustment upon return to the U. S. and adjustment to other cultures. Given these kinds of problems, is that international sales position being offered to we as attractive as it looks? Will it really help wer career? Particularly in relationship cultures such as China, relationship marketing, built on effective communications between the seller and buyer, focuses on building long-term alliances rather than treating each sale as a one-time event. Designing the Sales Force Based on analyses of current and potential customers, the selling environment, competition, and the firms resources and capabilities, decisions must be made regarding the numbers, characteristics, and assignments of sales personnel. Distribution strategies will often vary from country to country. Some markets may require a direct sales force, whereas others may not. How customers are approached can differ as well. Once decisions have been made about how many expatriates, local nationals, or third=country nationals a particular market requires, then more intricate aspects of design can be undertaken, such as territory allocation and customer call plans. Recruiting Marketing and Sales Personnel †¢Expatriates †¢Virtual Expatriates †¢Local Nationals †¢Third Country Nationals †¢Host Country Restrictions Expatriates The largest personnel requirement abroad for most companies is the sales force. The number of companies relying on expatriate personnel is declining as the volume of world trade increases and as more companies use locals to fill marketing positions. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Selling and Sales Management specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Selling and Sales Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Selling and Sales Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However, when products are highly technical, or when selling requires an extensive background of information and applications, an expatriate sales force remains the best choice. The chief disadvantages of an expatriate sales force are the high cost, cultural and legal barriers, and the limited number of high-caliber personnel willing to live abroad for extended periods. Virtual Expatriates The Internet and other advances in communications technologies, along with the growing reluctance of executives to move abroad, are creating a new breed of expatriate, the virtual one. Virtual expatriates manage operations in other countries but dont move there. Local Nationals The historical preference for expatriate managers and salespeople from the home country is giving way to a preference for local nationals. At the sales level, the picture is clearly biased in favor of the locals because they transcend both cultural and legal barriers. They are also familiar with distribution systems and referral networks. The main disadvantage of hiring local nationals is the tendency of headquarters personnel to ignore their advice. Another key disadvantage can be their lack of availability. In many countries, sales positions are viewed negatively. Third Country Nationals Third-country nationals (TCNs), are expatriates from their own countries working for a foreign company in a third country. Host Country Restrictions The host governments attitudes toward foreign workers often complicate selecting expatriate U. S. nationals over locals. Concerns about foreign corporate domination, local unemployment, and other issues cause some countries to restrict the number of non-nationals allowed to work within the ountry. Selecting Sales and Marketing Personnel To select personnel for international marketing positions effectively, management must define precisely what is expected of its people. Effective executives and salespeople, regardless of what foreign country they are operating in, share certain personal characteristics, skills, and orientations such as maturity, emotional stability, breadth of knowledge, positive o utlook, flexibility, cultural empathy, energetic, and enjoy travel. Selection mistakes are costly. When an expatriate assignment does not work out, hundreds of thousands of dollars are wasted in expenses and lost time. Mew evidence indicates that a managers culture affects personnel decisions. Training for International Marketing The nature of a training program depends largely on both the home culture of the sales person and the culture of the business system in the foreign market. Continual training may be more important in foreign markets than in domestic ones because of the lack of routine contact with the parent company and its marketing personnel. One aspect of training is frequently overlooked: Home-office personnel dealing with international marketing operations need training designed to make them responsive to the needs of the foreign operations. The Internet now makes some kinds of sales training much more efficient. Motivating Sales Personnel Motivation is especially complicated because the firm is dealing with different cultures, different sources, and different philosophies. Because cultural differences affect the motivational patterns of a sales force, a manager must be extremely sensitive to the personal behavior patterns of employees. Individual incentives that work effectively in the United States can fail completely in other cultures. Communications are also important in maintaining high levels of motivation; foreign managers need to know that the home office is interested in their operations. Because promotion and the opportunity to improve status are important motivators, a company needs to make clear the opportunities for growth within the firm. In one study, sales representatives in comparable Japanese and American sales organizations were asked to allocate 100 points across an array of potential rewards from work. As shown in Exhibit 17. 4, the results were surprisingly similar. The Sales People Were Asked to: ‘Distribute 100 Points among the Rewards in Terms of their Importance to You. ’ SOURCE: R. Bruce Money and John L. Graham, â€Å"Salesperson Performance,Pay, and Job Satisfaction: Tests of a Model Using Data Collected in the U. S. and Japan,† Journal of International Business Studies, 1999. Designing Compensation Systems For Expatriates Developing an equitable and functional compensation plan that combines balance, consistent motivation, and flexibility is extremely challenging in international operations. Fringe benefits play a major role in many countries. Pay can be a significant factor in making it difficult for a person to be repatriated. Often those returning home realize they have been making considerably more money with a lower cost of living in the overseas market; returning to the home country means a cut in pay and a cut in standard of living. In general, short-term assignments involve payments of overseas premiums (sometimes called separation allowances if the family does not go along), all excess expenses, and allowances for tax differentials. Besides rewarding an individuals contribution to the firm, a compensation program can be used effectively to recruit, develop, motivate, or retain personnel. For a Global Sales Force – The Do’s Compensation plans of American companies vary substantially around the globe, reflecting the economic and cultural differences in the diverse markets served. Some experts feel compensation plans in Japan and Southern Europe are most different from the standard U. S. approach. Those same experts believe that generally compensation schemes around the world are becoming more similar to the U. S. systems with its emphasis on commissions based on individual performance. Global Similarity to U. S. Compensations Plans SOURCE: David G. Schick and David J. Cichelli, â€Å"Developing Incentive Compensation Strategies in a Global Sales Environment,† ACA Journal, Autumn 1996. The Dos for designing compensation systems for a global sales force: †¢Do involve representatives from key countries. †¢Do allow local managers to decide the mix between base and incentive pay. †¢Do use consistent performance measures (results paid for) and emphasis on each measure. Do allow local countries flexibility in implementations. †¢Do use consistent communication and training themes worldwide. The Donts for designing compensation systems for a global sales force: †¢Dont design the plan centrally and dictate to local offices. †¢Dont create a similar framework for jobs with different responsibilities. †¢Dont require consistency on every performance measure with in the incentive plan. †¢Dont assume cultural differences can be managed through the incentive plan. †¢Dont proceed without the support of senior sales executives worldwide. A compensation Blueprint: How IBM Pays 140,000 Sales Executives Worldwide Beginning in the late 1990s IBM rolled out what is perhaps the most global approach to compensating a worldwide sales force. The main features of that plan, which applies to 140,000 sales executives in 165 countries, are presented in Exhibit 17. 6. SOURCE: Michele Marchetti and Antonio Langemi, â€Å"Gamble,† Sales and Marketing Management, July 1996, p. 65-69. Evaluating and Controlling Sales Representatives In the U. S. , emphasis is placed on individual performance, which can easily be measured by sales revenues generated. In many countries evaluation is more complex where teamwork is favored over individual effort. The primary control tool used by American sales managers is the incentive system. In other countries, corporate control and frequent interactions with peers and supervisors are the means of motivation and control. Preparing U. S. Personnel for Foreign Assignments Foreign assignments typically cost from 150-400 percent of the annual base salary. This cost increases if the expatriate returns home before completing the scheduled assignment. The planning process must begin prior to the selection of those going abroad and extend to their specific assignments after returning home. Overcoming Reluctance to Accept a Foreign Assignment Concerns for career and family are the most frequently mentioned reasons for a manager to refuse a foreign assignment. The most important career-related reservation is the fear that a two- or three-year absence will adversely affect opportunities for advancement. Concern for family may interfere with many accepting an assignment abroad. Initially, most potential candidates are worried about uprooting a family and settling into a strange environment. Questions about the education of the children, isolation from family and friends, proper health care, and, in some countries, the potential for violence reflect the misgivings a family faces when relocating to a foreign country. Reducing the Rate of Early Returns Once the employee and family accept the assignment abroad, the next problem is keeping them there for the assigned time. One researcher estimated that 75 percent of families sent to a foreign post experience adjustment problems with children or have marital discord. Before going abroad, cross-cultural training should be provided for families as well as the employee. Once the family is abroad, some companies even provide a local ombudsman (someone experienced in the country) to whom members can take their problems and get immediate assistance. Successful Expartiate Preparation Returnees should know where they are going and what they will be doing next month and several years ahead. A report on what MNCs are doing to improve the reentry process suggests five steps: 1. Commit to reassigning expatriates to meaningful positions. 2. Create a mentor program. Mentors are typically senior executives who monitor company activities, keep the expatriate informed on company activities, and act as liaison between the expatriate and various headquarters departments. 3. Offer a written job guarantee stating what the company is obligated to do for the expatriate on return. 4. Keep the expatriate in touch with headquarters through periodic briefings and headquarters visits. 5. Prepare the expatriate and family for repatriation once a return date is set. Developing Cultural Awareness Most expatriate failures are cause by lack of an understanding of cultural differences and their effect on management skills. Good cultural skills can be learned and developed. Cultural skills provide the individual with the ability to relate to a different culture even when the individual is unfamiliar with the details of that particular culture. The Changing Profile of the Global Manager Fewer companies today limit their search for senior-level executive talent to their home countries. Some companies believe that it is important to have international assignments early in a persons career, and international training is an integral part of their entry-level development programs. Many companies are active in making the foreign experience an integrated part of a successful corporate career. Foreign Language Skills Many believe that learning a language improves cultural understanding and business relationships. Many believe that to be taken seriously in the business community, the expatriate must be at least conversational in the host language. Many companies are making stronger efforts to recruit people who are bilingual or multilingual. Summary †¢The companys sales force is on the front line of a marketing organization. The role of marketers in both domestic and foreign markets along with the composition of international managerial and sales forces is rapidly changing. †¢The recent emphasis on using local personnel operating in their own lands has highlighted the importance of adapting U. S. managerial techniques to local needs. †¢The development of an effective marketing organization calls for careful recruiting, selecting, training, motivatin g, and compensating of expatriate personnel and their families. The most practical method of maintaining an efficient international sales and marketing force is careful, concerted planning at all stages of career development. An effective international sales force constitutes one of the international marketers greatest concerns. The companys sales force represents the major alternative method of organizing a company for foreign distribution and, as such, is on the front line of a marketing organization. The role of marketers in both domestic and foreign markets is rapidly changing, along with the composition of international managerial and sales forces. Such forces have many unique requirements that are being filled by expatriates, locals, third-country nationals, or a combination of the three. In recent years, the pattern of development has been to place more emphasis on local personnel operating in their own lands. This, in turn, has highlighted the importance of adapting U. S. managerial techniques to local needs. The development of an effective marketing organization calls for careful recruiting, selecting, training, motivating, and compensating of expatriate personnel and their families to ensure maximization of a companys return on its personnel expenditures. The most practical method of maintaining an efficient international sales and marketing force is careful, concerted planning at all stages of career development. Bibliography: International Marketing, Cateora P. R. , Graham J. L. , 12th ed, pp 500-525. Michele Marchetti and Antonio Langemi, â€Å"Gamble,† Sales and Marketing Management, July 1996, p. 65-69. David G. Schick and David J. Cichelli, â€Å"Developing Incentive Compensation Strategies in a Global Sales Environment,† ACA Journal, Autumn 1996.

How Glow in the Dark Stuff Works

How Glow in the Dark Stuff Works Have you ever wondered how glow in the dark stuff works? Im talking about materials that truly glow after you turn out the lights, not the ones that glow under black light or ultraviolet light, which are really just converting invisible high energy light into a lower energy form visible to your eyes. There are also items that glow because of ongoing chemical reactions that produce light, like the chemiluminescence of glow sticks. There are also bioluminescent materials, where the glow is caused by biochemical reactions in living cells, and glowing radioactive materials, which may emit photons or glow because of heat. These things glow, but how about glowing paints or the stars you can stick on the ceiling? Things Glow Because of Phosphorescence Stars and paint and glowing plastic beads glow from phosphorescence. This is a process in which a material absorbs energy and then slowly releases it in the form of visible light. Fluorescent materials glow via a similar process, but fluorescent materials release light within fractions of a second or seconds, which is not long enough to glow for most practical purposes. In the past, most glow in the dark products were made using zinc sulfide. The compound absorbed energy and then slowly released it over time. The energy wasnt really something you could see, so additional chemicals called phosphors were added to enhance the glow and add color. Phosphors take the energy and convert it into visible light. Modern glow in the dark stuff uses strontium aluminate instead of zinc sulfide. It stores and releases about 10 times more light than the zinc sulfide and its glow last longer. The rare earth europium is often added to enhance the glow. The modern paints are durable and water-resistant, so they can be used for outdoor decorations and fishing lures and not just jewelry and plastic stars. Why Glow in the Dark Things Are Green There are two main reasons why glow in the dark stuff mostly glows in green. The first reason is because the human eye is particularly sensitive to green light, so green appears brightest to us. Manufacturers choose phosphors that emit green to get the brightest apparent glow. The other reason green is a common color is because the most common affordable and non-toxic phosphor glows green. The green phosphor also glows the longest. Its simple safety and economics! To some extent there is a third reason green is the most common color. The green phosphor can absorb a wide range of wavelengths of light to produce a glow, so the material can be charged under sunlight or strong indoor light. Many other colors of phosphors require specific wavelengths of light to work. Usually, this is ultraviolet light.To get these colors to work (e.g., purple), you need to expose the glowing material to UV light. In fact, some colors lose their charge when exposed to sunlight or daylight, so they arent as easy or fun for people to use. Green is easy to charge, long-lasting, and bright. However, the modern aqua blue color rivals green in all of these aspects. Colors that either require a specific wavelength to charge, dont glow brightly, or need frequent recharging include red, purple, and orange. New phosphors are always being developed, so you can expect constant improvements in products. List of Things That Really Glow in the Dark

Room 4 Moms Ideas Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Room 4 Moms Ideas - Article Example The researcher states that nurses have to ensure that there is; respect for human dignity, the good relationship between nurses and patients respect for the nature of health problems of the patients, privacy, and confidentiality of the patients is maintained, and more so, there is a good healthy environment. Nurses cannot achieve all of this attributes unless they have a good philosophy that guides them. It is good to appreciate the efforts put in place by room 4 moms. â€Å"Thank you for the efforts that you have put in place to offer the best services to your patients.† Jean Watson in his notes about human caring highlights some factors that can help one in caring for their patients. This factors are; ‘formation of humanistic-altruistic system of value, instillation of faith-hope, cultivation of sensitivity to one’s self and to others, development of a help and trust, human caring relationship, promotion and acceptance of the expression of positive attitude, neg ative feelings, systematic use of a creative problem and solving caring process, promotion of transpersonal teaching and learning, provision for a supportive, protective, or corrective mental, Physical, societal, and spiritual environment, assistance with gratification of human needs and allowance for existential-phenomenological-spiritual forces’. With all this in place then nursing becomes more philosophical, ethical and intellectually outlined. The room 4 moms come in with the issue of involving one's family in their nursing fields. This gives both the patient and the nurse to have a caring moment with each other. They both come together and share their unique life histories. The coming together at any given moment becomes an inclination point in space and time. During this time, experience and perception take place, but the moment shared together has a significant impact on the patient. They feel encouraged, and they feel both loved and wanted in the society rather than c onsidering them as the liability. The mom`s in rooms 4 believes in Watson`s theory about human caring. Watson at one point in his theory names ‘caring or healing for consciousnesses.